Abstract: The present invention concerns a device and method for activating and/or increasing the charge density of a polymer or polymer solution. Included is a reactor having a chamber capable of receiving and discharging polymer or polymer solution. The chamber may be configured in a vertical orientation. The chamber may also be torus or doughnut-shaped. A pulsar for imparting electrical energy to the solution in the reactor chamber is also provided. An inlet and an outlet which cooperate with the chamber to deliver and discharge the polymer solution may also be provided. The inlet may be located on the bottom of the chamber and the outlet may be located on the top of the chamber.

Abstract: A plate-type-ozonizer discharge cell including a pair of planar electrodes separated by a dielectric to ozonize a material gas circulating through a discharge space formed between one of the planar electrodes and the dielectric by way of discharge. In addition, the dielectric includes at least one ceramic block having a plurality of ceramic layers integrally superimposed on each other in a layer thickness direction. Also included is a method of manufacturing an ozonizer discharge cell, which includes providing a plurality of ceramic sheets to be baked, and superimposing the ceramic sheets in a layer thickness direction. Then the plurality of ceramic layers are baked so as to form a ceramic block.

Abstract: An improved anode, cup and conductor assembly for a reactor vessel includes an anode assembly supported within a cup which holds a supply of process fluid. The anode assembly has an anode shield carrying an anode, the anode shield having upwardly extending brackets with radially extending members. A diffusion plate is supported above the anode by the anode brackets using first bayonet connections. The anode shield and the anode are supported from below by a delivery tube which also serves to deliver process fluid to the cup. A second bayonet connection is provided between a top portion of the delivery tube and the anode assembly. The conductor is connected to the anode with a plug-in connection which is completed when the tube is coupled to the anode by the second bayonet connection. The diffusion plate and the anode assembly are installable and removable from a top side of the reactor vessel using a tool which is lockable to the diffusion plate or to the anode.

Abstract: An improved anode, cup and conductor assembly for a reactor vessel includes an anode assembly supported within a cup which holds a supply of process fluid. The anode assembly has an anode shield carrying an anode. The anode shield and the anode are supported from below by a delivery tube which also serves to deliver process fluid to the cup. A bayonet connection is provided between a top portion of the delivery tube and the anode assembly. The fluid delivery tube has a fixed height within the vessel. The anode elevation is adjusted by the interposing of a spacer of desired thickness between the anode and the tube. An electrical conductor is connected to the anode, and passes through the tube to be electrically accessible outside the vessel. The conductor is connected to the anode with a plug-in connection which is completed when the tube is coupled to the anode by the bayonet connection.

Abstract: A component is immersed into an electrolyte with a specific speed and an initial polarizing current intensity is applied, which is high enough to generate on the surface of the treated component, which is immersed in the electrolyte, moving microplasma discharges. The component is held until the formation of a coating of a specific thickness. The lowering phase of the voltage, at which a coating forms, is carried out by lowering the voltage to a value which corresponds with the beginning of the extinction of the microplasma discharges and then maintaining it until the complete extinction of the isolated wandering microplasma discharges. Then the component is taken out of the electrolyte and is cooled.

Abstract: In a process for manufacturing an electrode for a PEM fuel cell or an electrochemical energy converter, an ion-exchange polymer is applied to one face of an electrode substrate. An electrocatalyst is then applied to the substrate by electrochemical deposition, preferably from a solution containing one or more complexes or salts of the electrocatalyst. The electrochemical deposition occurs by application of a voltage between a pair of electrodes, one of which is the electrode under preparation. The voltage between the two electrodes is controlled by controlling the potential of the working electrode. A pulsed voltage profile is applied across the two electrodes during the electrodeposition process.

Abstract: A method of depositing diamond particles on a surface of a substrate is provided. The method is effected by (a) charging the diamond particles by a positive charge to obtain positively charged diamond particles; and (b) electrophoretically depositing the positively charged diamond particles on the surface of the substrate, for obtaining a green diamond particles coat on the surface of the substrate.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a process for the multilayer coating of substrates with electrodeposition and powder coating materials, in which electrodeposition is used to apply at least one coat (2) of electrodeposition coating material to the substrate (1), after deposition the substrate (1) is, if desired, wholly or partially air-dried, a coat of powder coating material (3) is then applied, and finally electrodeposition coating material and powder coating material are jointly baked.

Abstract: A method for plating a second metal directly to a first metal without utilizing a mask. A semiconductor substrate is provided including at least one metal feature and at least one insulating layer covering the metal feature and the substrate. At least one recess is formed in the at least one insulating layer thereby exposing at least a portion of the metal feature. At least one conductive barrier layer is formed over the insulating layer and the exposed portion of the metal feature. A plating seed layer of a first metal is formed over the at least one barrier layer. A photoresist layer is deposited over the plating seed layer. Portions of the photoresist layer and of the plating seed layer outside of the at least one recess are removed. Photoresist remaining in the at least one recess is removed. A second metal is electroplated to the plating seed layer in the recess.

Abstract: A process for preparing sodium and aluminum chloride electrochemically is described in which, in an electrolytic cell containing aluminum as an anode and sodium as a cathode which are separated from one another by a sodium ion-conducting solid electrolyte, a fused electrolyte essentially containing sodium tetrachloroaluminate is electrolyzed in the anode compartment, aluminum chloride formed in this process is evaporated from the electrolytic cell and sodium is removed from the cathode compartment.

Abstract: A device for supporting instruments in an enclosure, in particular a decontamination enclosure, the enclosure being defined by a bottom, at least one vertical side wall, and a top cover, each instrument having an active portion and a connection portion in the form of a cable, the device comprising a bracket extending substantially perpendicularly to the vertical side wall inside the top portion of the enclosure, said bracket having a plurality of suspension members each of which is designed to co-operate with a portion of cable close to the active portion of an instrument.

Abstract: An improved anode, cup and conductor assembly for a reactor vessel includes an anode assembly supported within a cup which holds a supply of process fluid. The cup is supported around its perimeter within the reactor vessel. The anode assembly has an anode shield carrying an anode, the anode shield having upwardly extending brackets with radially extending members. A diffusion plate is supported above the anode by the anode brackets using first bayonet connections. The anode shield and the anode are supported from below by a delivery tube which also serves to deliver process fluid to the cup. A second bayonet connection is provided between a top portion of the delivery tube and the anode assembly. The fluid delivery tube has a fixed height within the vessel. The anode elevation is adjusted by the interposing of a spacer of desired thickness between the anode and the tube. An electrical conductor is connected to the anode, and passes through the tube to be electrically accessible outside the vessel.

Abstract: A method for operation of membrane reactor is provided. In a membrane reactor, the hydrogen formed in the hydrogen formation portion of the reaction chamber is transmitted to the hydrogen separation portion of the reaction chamber via a hydrogen-selectively permeable membrane and thereby the conversion of raw material gas into hydrogen is improved. Steam and/or carbon dioxide into the hydrogen separation portion are added. In the above method for operation of membrane reactor, the surface area of the hydrogen-selectively permeable membrane of membrane reactor can be made smaller while the advantage of membrane reactor of giving a higher conversion of reaction at low temperatures is being maintained.

Abstract: The invention provides a polymer (a) having a polymer backbone having appended thereto at least one carbamate functional group, the polymer represented by randomly repeating units according to the formula: R1 represents H or CH3, R2 represents H, alkyl, or cycloalkyl, L represents a divalent linking group, A represents repeat units comprising at least one repeat unit having a pendant carboxylic acid group, x represents 10 to 90 weight %, and y represents 90 to 10 weight %. The invention further provides an anodic electrocoat coating composition comprising an aqueous dispersion of a polymer (a) and (b) a compound having a plurality of functional groups that are reactive with said carbamate groups, wherein the repeat units A of polymer (a) having a pendant carboxylic acid group are base-salted.

Abstract: A fluorine generating cell apparatus, system, and method for the production of fluorine gas having an electrolyte melt flow circulation, a corrosion resistant anode connection, a separation skirt aiding in the circulation of the electrolyte melt, having a controlled gas recombination fail-safe, and a cathode arrangement enhancing efficiency and anode life by providing enhanced effective surface area for each anode.

Abstract: A treater for electrostatically and/or mechanically separating emulsified brine from oil during longitudinal flow through a horizontally elongated metal tank, wherein adjustable distributor elements are provided for enhancement of the de-emulsification process. The adjustable distributor elements may be externally operated to more closely control the diffusion and distribution of the flowing emulsion across the transverse area of the treater. The emulsion may be first directed through electrical fields where the brine droplets take on an electrical charge, then move through the distributor elements to electrically grounded coalescing elements. De-emulsified oil is removed in a stream separate from the brine stream. The treater also operates mechanically, with reduced efficiency, when electrostatic operation is unavailable, and can also be operated if coalescing elements are not used.

Abstract: A fluid containment ring for use in a processing chamber used to deposit a material onto a semiconductor wafer and/or remove material from a wafer by subjecting the wafer to an electric field and an electrolyte is described. The fluid containment ring is located at the base of the processing chamber in close proximity to the outside edge of the wafer being processed in the processing chamber. After each processing step is completed, the used electrolyte is diverted from the processing chamber into the fluid containment ring for containment such that no electrolyte contacts the unprocessed side (or back) of the wafer. One or more drains coupled to the fluid containment ring provide means for disposal and/or recirculation of the electrolyte.

Abstract: An apparatus for composite plating the inner surface of a cylindrical body, wherein a rod shaped electrode is inserted in a cylindrical body, composite plating liquid is made to flow upward in the annular space between the rod shaped electrode and the inner surface of the cylindrical body, and electric power is applied between the rod shaped electrode and the cylindrical body to composite plate the inner surface of the cylindrical body, comprises a baffle plate disposed above the cylindrical body to oppose an upward flow of the composite plating liquid out of the annular space.

Abstract: An acid-free, aqueous catalyst paste with a solids content of 30 to 70% by weight and containing dialkyltin oxide and a water-thinnable cationic binder vehicle and which can be used for cathodically depositable electro-dip lacquers, obtainable by a) dispersing dialkyltin oxide in an acid-free aqueous dispersion or solution of one or more hydroxycarboxylic acid salts of bismuth(III) in a weight ratio of tin to bismuth, calculated as the metal, from 1:3 to 3:1, and b) comminuting the preparation obtained with one or more cationic binder vehicles in a weight ratio of dialkyltin oxide plus hydroxycarboxylic acid salt of bismuth(III) to cationic binder vehicle from 0.5:1 to 6:1.

Abstract: A recording material having a compression modulus of elasticity of 650 kgf/cm.sup.2 or less in the direction of the thickness thereof and exhibiting a maximum strain of 0.08 or more generated under pressure of 40 kgf/cm.sup.2 in the thickness direction of the recording material, can record thereon electro-coagulated ink images with high clarity and color density by electro-coagulation printing.