Abstract: There are disclosed a method for sulfiding a multi-metallic catalyst or a bi-metallic catalyst and a method for initiating the reforming of a petroleum hydrocarbon feedstock in a reforming reaction zone containing a multi-metallic catalyst or a bi-metallic catalyst.The method for sulfiding is employed when a hydrogen-rich gas containing light hydrocarbons is used in the sulfiding of the catalyst. The method comprises passing a stream of said gas over said catalyst at a temperature of about 350.degree. F. to about 470.degree. F., injecting a sulfur-containing compound into the stream of gas up-stream from said catalyst in order to provide a sulfur-carrying gas, and contacting said catalyst with said sulfur-carrying gas at said temperature for a time that is sufficient to provide a sulfur concentration on said catalyst of about 0.1 to about 2.5 moles of sulfur per mole of total active metal. A typical sulfur-containing compound is dimethyl sulfide.

Abstract: In a coal liquefaction process wherein feed coal is contacted with molecular hydrogen and a hydrogen-donor solvent in a liquefaction zone to form coal liquids and vapors and coal liquids in the solvent boiling range are thereafter hydrogenated to produce recycle solvent and liquid products, the improvement which comprises separating the effluent from the liquefaction zone into a hot vapor stream and a liquid stream; cooling the entire hot vapor stream sufficiently to condense vaporized liquid hydrocarbons; separating condensed liquid hydrocarbons from the cooled vapor; fractionating the liquid stream to produce coal liquids in the solvent boiling range; passing the cooled vapor, the coal liquids in the solvent boiling range, and makeup hydrogen to the solvent hydrogenation zone as feed to the hydrogenation zone; and thereafter catalytically hydrogenating the hydrogenation zone feed stream while quenching the hydrogenation reaction with fluids recovered from the hydrogenation zone effluent.

Abstract: A process is disclosed for reducing the level of compounds of certain metals from hydrocarbon liquids by contacting said metal compound-bearing hydrocarbon with acidified active carbon. The process is particularly useful for preferentially removing organo lead compounds from gasolines at mild conditions, with only small removal of organo manganese antiknock compounds such as methyl cyclopentadienyl manganese tricarbonyl which may be present.

Abstract: Supported iridium-containing hydrocarbon conversion catalysts which are at least partially deactivated due to the deposition of carbonaceous residues thereon during contact with hydrocarbons are regenerated by contacting the residue-containing catalyst, prior to contact with oxygen at elevated temperature, with a chlorine-containing reagent to increase the catalyst chlorine content to a level in the range of from about 0.7 to 2.0 wt. %, based on anhydrous, carbonaceous residue-free catalyst, and thereafter contacting the catalyst with a substantially sulfur-free gaseous mixture containing oxygen at a temperature varying from about 775.degree. to 900.degree. F. for a time sufficient to burn at least a portion of the carbonaceous residue from the catalyst while maintaining at least 0.7 wt. % chlorine on the catalyst during contact with said gaseous mixture.

Abstract: A process for removing arsenic from a mineral oil feedstock containing at least 2 ppmw arsenic comprises contacting said feedstock at elevated temperatures with a catalytic absorbent comprising a nickel sulfide and a molybdenum sulfide composited with a refractory oxide, said nickel sulfide and said refractory oxide each being present in relatively large proportions. Under preferred conditions a product oil stream containing less than 2 ppmw arsenic is continuously obtained from said contacting until a weight of arsenic at least equivalent to that of the nickel in the catalytic absorbent has been absorbed thereon.

Abstract: A method for reducing catalysts of a platinum group metal on a support comprises contacting the catalyst with a moist flowing stream of hydrogen at elevated temperature. The catalyst is brought to a reducing temperature of at least 300.degree. C in a non-reducing wet atmosphere, before the introduction of the hydrogen.

Abstract: Oil is efficiently solvent extracted from tar sands utilizing a trichloroethylene solvent at mild conditions. The process preferably utilizes minor amounts of surfactant and polyelectrolytes. The process has resulted in unexpectedly high yields of oil with unexpectedly low solvent loss.

Abstract: Extraction of hydrocarbons from tar sands with a light naphtha/methanol solvent system results in rapid decrepitation of the tar-sand aggregate and separation of organic matter into three phases. Distribution of the extracted and non-extracted organic material is among the phases. The most desirable, non-polar organic materials are recovered from the light naphtha phase; more polar soluble constituents are recovered from the methanol phase; and less desirable asphaltenes separate as a precipitate.

Abstract: Used lubricating oil is contacted with particles of a solid adsorption resin comprising at least 0.1 cc per gram of pores of diameter in the range of 6 to 300 angstroms. The resin is preferably a porous polycondensate or cross-linked copolymer comprising pyridyl or hydroxy groups, for example a polycondensate of phenol and formaldehyde. The resin may be reactivated by rinsing with an organic solvent such as an alcohol, a ketone or a chlorinated hydrocarbon.

Abstract: Coal is hydrogenated in an upflow, random motion, gas-liquid-catalyst process in which the heavy liquids (800.degree. F to 1000.degree. F) are recycled to the reactor to optimize production of preferred 400.degree.-800.degree. F boiling range end product liquids.The optimization is accomplished by not recycling to the reactor any liquid fraction boiling between about 600.degree. and 800.degree. F.

Abstract: A novel process for the demetallization of petroleum feedstocks comprising contacting a petroleum feedstock at elevated pressures and temperatures, and preferably in the presence of hydrogen, with a catalyst comprising a manganese component composited with alumina, said catalyst having a surface area in excess of 175 m.sup.2 /gm and having at least 60% of its pore volume in pores having diameters between 50 and 200 A. Preferred catalysts comprise between about 2 and 15 weight-percent manganese. Removal of more than 25%, usually more than 50%, of the organometallic impurities can be achieved.

Abstract: In a coal liquefaction process wherein feed coal is contacted with molecular hydrogen and hydrogen-donor solvent in a liquefaction zone to form coal liquids and vapors and coal liquids in the solvent boiling range are thereafter hydrogenated to produce recycle solvent and liquid products, the improvement which comprises separating the effluent from the liquefaction zone into a hot vapor stream and a liquid stream, combining a portion of the hot vapor stream with makeup hydrogen and with coal liquids in the solvent boiling range, passing the combined vapor, hydrogen and coal liquids to the solvent hydrogenation zone as feed to the hydrogenation zone, discharging the remainder of the vapor stream as purge after cooling to recover vaporized hydrocarbons and removing contaminants, and thereafter catalytically hydrogenating the hydrogenation zone feed stream while quenching the hydrogenation reaction with fluids recovered from the hydrogenation zone effluent.

Abstract: An improved process for educing shale oil having a low arsenic content and for producing hydrogen from oil shale in high yields comprises passing the oil shale upwardly through a gas-heated pyrolysis zone to educe oil therefrom, and then passing the spent, coke-laden shale downwardly through a gasification-combustion zone to produce hydrogen-rich heating gas and/or substantially pure hydrogen for use in catalytic refining of the educed shale oil. Air or oxygen is introduced to the gasification-combustion zone to burn part of the residual coke, thereby heating the spent shale up to gasification temperatures. Steam is injected concurrently with the oxidizing gas in order to gasify unburned coke via the water gas reaction. Improved hydrogen yields and purity and more effective shale retorting are achieved by recycling hot product gas for eduction into admixture with the gasifier product between the gasification and pyrolysis zones, and eliminating recycle to the gasification-combustion zone.

Abstract: A gravity flow, vertical bed of crushed oil shale having a two level injection of air and a three level injection of non-oxygenous gas and an internal combustion of at least residual carbon on the retorted shale. The injection of air and gas is carefully controlled in relation to the mass flow rate of the shale to control the temperature of pyrolysis zone, producing a maximum conversion of the organic content of the shale to a liquid shale oil. The parameters of the operation provides an economical and highly efficient shale oil production.

Abstract: A process for the recovery of oil from oil-bearing shale and for employing the oil-depleted shale as a combustible heat source. The oil-bearing shale is charged on a traveling grate to form a burden. A bed of oil-depleted shale having uncombusted carbon and hydrocarbons is provided, and those uncombusted materials are combusted to raise the temperature of the bed to above about 1000.degree. F. A reducing atmosphere is passed through the oil-depleted and combusted bed to raise the temperature of the reducing atmosphere. The heated reducing atmosphere is then passed through the burden to raise the temperature of the oil shale to at least 800.degree. F. and to thereby educt oil from the oil shale. In another embodiment, the combusted oil-depleted material is layered onto the oil-bearing and the reducing atmosphere is passed sequentially through the oil-depleted and oil-bearing material.

Abstract: A slurry of coal solids or similar carbonaceous material substantially depleted in mineral-rich particles is prepared for delivery to any desired place of use by introducing particulate coal and a suitable carrier liquid into a slurry preparation zone; passing a stream of slurry from the slurry preparation zone to a liquid-solids separator; returning a concentrated slurry stream from the separator to the slurry preparation zone; and passing a substantially clarified liquid stream from the separator to an elutriation zone, which communicates with and extends downward from the slurry preparation zone, in such a manner as to form an upward directed current in the elutriation zone.

Abstract: A petroleum oil containing, in parts by weight, at least 10 parts of vanadium and/or nickel per million parts of the oil is upgraded by contacting the oil in the liquid phase with an aqueous solution of at least one extraction agent of the group ferric salts soluble in acidified water and stannic chloride. The aqueous solution must have a pH at least sufficiently acidic to inhibit precipitation of the agent as hydroxide or basic salt.

Abstract: Process for producing fluid fuel from coal using a hydrogen-donor solvent as an extractant. Moisture-free, preheated coal in particulate form is contacted in a drum with hot solvent to extract the hydrocarbons therefrom. Subsequently, the pressure is released to vaporize the solvent and at least a portion of the hydrocarbons extracted. The temperature of the mass in the drum is then raised under conditions required to crack the hydrocarbons in the drum and to produce, after subsequent stripping, a solid coke residue. The hydrocarbon products are removed and fractionated into several cuts, one of which is hydrotreated to form the required hydrogen-donor solvent while other fractions can be hydrotreated or hydrocracked to produce a synthetic crude product. The heaviest fraction can be used to produce ash-free coke especially adapted for hydrogen manufacture. The process can be made self-sufficient in hydrogen and furnishes as a by-product a solid carbonaceous material with a useful heating value.

Abstract: Process for producing fluid fuel from coal. Moisture-free coal in particulate form is slurried with a hydrogen-donor solvent and the heated slurry is charged into a drum wherein the pressure is so regulated as to maintain a portion of the solvent in liquid form. During extraction of the hydrocarbons from the coal, additional solvent is added to agitate the drum mass and keep it up to temperature. Subsequently, the pressure is released to vaporize the solvent and at least a portion of the hydrocarbons extracted. The temperature of the mass in the drum is then raised under conditions required to crack the hydrocarbons in the drum and to produce, after subsequent stripping, a solid coke residue. The hydrocarbon products are removed and fractionated into several cuts, one of which is hydrotreated to form the required hydrogen-donor solvent while other fractions can be hydrotreated or hydrocracked to produce a synthetic crude product.

Abstract: Catalysts particularly useful for hydroreforming and isomerization of hydrocarbons formed of a refractory mineral oxide carrier having a halogen in combined form and the following metals in free or combined state:A. A metal from the platinum group (0.02 to 2%);B. tin (0.02 to 2%); andC. at least one metal selected from the group of scandium, yttrium, thorium, uranium, and the rare earths metals (0.01 to 5%) -- said percentages being based upon the total weight of the catalyst, said catalyst preferably having platinum and chlorine. Also the use of said catalyst in the aforementioned hydrotreatments.