Abstract: A switch state detection circuit according to the present invention comprises: a plurality of switch connection portions to each of which a switch is connected, a connection line to which any one of the switch connection portions is connected in a switchable manner, a detection portion that detects a state of the switch connected to the connection line based on a state of the connection line, and a connection control portion that switches successively each of the switch connection portions and connects it to the connection line, wherein the state of each switch is detected.

Abstract: A crystal oscillation circuit, a gain stage of the crystal oscillation circuit and a method for designing the same are provided. The gain stage includes multiple amplifiers and multiple current-limiting resistors. Input terminals of the amplifiers are coupled together to a first bonding pad, wherein transconductances of the amplifiers are different from each other. The first bonding pad is used for electrically coupling to a first terminal of an oscillation crystal module. First terminals of the current-limiting resistors are respectively coupled to output terminals of the amplifiers in a one-on-one manner, and second terminals of the current-limiting resistors are coupled together to a second bonding pad, wherein the second bonding pad is used for electrically coupling to a second terminal of the oscillation crystal module.

Abstract: A device includes a field effect transistor (FET) integrated with at least a portion of a bipolar junction transistor (BJT), in which a back gate of the FET shares an electrical connection with a base of the BJT, and in which a reverse voltage can be applied to the back gate of the FET.

Abstract: A cross-coupled complementary balanced electro-mechanical oscillator and a method for generating balanced oscillations. The oscillator comprises an electro-mechanical resonator connected to an oscillator core. The oscillator core comprises capacitively cross-coupled complementary programmable inverters and a resistor network. The capacitors inhibit the inverters from latching to a non-oscillatory direct-current (DC) state. The resistor network forms a high pass filter with the capacitors to inhibit relaxation oscillations. The inverters are programmable such that their gain can be varied over time to avoid parasitic oscillations. The oscillator may be frequency-tunable. The method comprises starting balanced oscillations in the oscillator with a low gain to inhibit high-frequency parasitic oscillation modes, inhibiting latching to a DC state using a capacitance, and inhibiting relaxation oscillations using a high pass filter, and varying gain over time to improve phase noise performance.

Abstract: A crystal oscillator start-up circuit capable of reducing a start-up time of a crystal oscillator is disclosed. The crystal oscillator start-up circuit is provided with a crystal oscillation unit including a crystal oscillator, a converter and an external oscillator. The crystal oscillation unit generates an output signal corresponding to the impedance characteristic of the crystal oscillator. The converter converts the output signal of the crystal oscillation unit to a voltage signal. The external oscillator outputs to the crystal oscillation unit an oscillation signal whose frequency is adjusted by the voltage signal to approach a resonance frequency of the crystal oscillator.

Abstract: An atomic cell includes: alkaline metallic atoms, a body portion and window portions forming an inner space in which alkaline metallic atoms are sealed, and a getter material disposed in the inner space. The getter material is an alloy including at least one of titanium, barium, tantalum, zirconium, aluminum, vanadium, indium, and calcium, or an Al—Zr—V—Fe based alloy.

Abstract: A multimode oscillator comprising: a resonator including: a moving element; actuators of the moving element according to two symmetric and antisymmetric resonance modes; several detectors of the displacement of the moving element; polarization circuitry of the detectors by signals out of phase with each other; a first calculator carrying out a first operation conserving the frequential components of the first mode and cancelling those of the second mode; a second calculator carrying out a second operation conserving the frequential components of the second mode and cancelling those of the first mode; and in which the resonator and the calculators form two self-oscillating loops making the oscillator resonate simultaneously in the two modes.

Abstract: An atomic cell manufacturing method includes a preparing process of preparing a structure that includes a wall portion which forms an inner space and a portion thereof is a light transmission portion, and in which liquid or solid alkaline metals are disposed in the light transmission portion, and an adjusting process of adjusting distribution such that alkaline metals are distributed so as to be intensively disposed on an outer circumferential portion side of the light transmission portion compared to a center portion of the light transmission portion, by heating the light transmission portion.

Abstract: A multi-switching device and a multi-switching method thereof perform the following steps. A first control signal and a second control signal are received. Whether the first control signal and the second control signal are received is determined. When the first control signal and the second control signal are received, whether the first control signal and the second control signal specify any control requests is determined. When the first control signal and the second control signal respectively specify a control request, a control signal protection procedure is performed to control a first bus to communicate with one of second buses, and an error warning signal is outputted. When the first control signal and the second control signal do not respectively specify any control requests, a backup processing procedure is performed, and the error warning signal is outputted.

Abstract: A semiconductor device is formed by sealing, with a resin, a semiconductor chip (CP1) having an oscillation circuit utilizing a reference resistor. The oscillation circuit generates a reference current by utilizing the reference resistor, a voltage is generated in accordance with this reference current and an oscillation frequency of the oscillation unit, and the oscillation unit oscillates at a frequency in accordance with the generated voltage.

Abstract: A method of programming a ring oscillator for use as a temperature sensor comprises selecting an initial number of delay elements for use in a ring oscillator. The method further comprise starting a system clock counter and counting pulses of the ring oscillator until the system clock counter reaches a programmed value. The method also comprises determining whether a number of counted ring oscillator pulses is between lower and upper count thresholds and changing the number of delay elements for the ring oscillator as a result of the number of counted ring oscillator pulses being less than the lower count threshold or greater than the upper count threshold.

Abstract: A bulk acoustic wave (BAW) resonator includes a substrate having a top side surface and a bottom side surface. A Bragg mirror is on the top side surface of the substrate. A bottom electrode layer is on the Bragg mirror, and a piezoelectric layer is on the bottom electrode layer. A top dielectric layer is on the piezoelectric layer, and a top electrode layer is on the top dielectric layer. The bottom side surface of the substrate has a surface roughness of at least 1 ?m root mean square (RMS).

Abstract: The disclosure provides an oscillator circuit for a voltage controlled oscillator. The oscillator circuit includes first and second coupled transmission lines, wherein the oscillator circuit is configured to provide a variable load impedance at a first end of a signal line of the first transmission line such that a variable inductance is provided between first and second ends of a signal line of the second transmission line in dependence on the variable load impedance. The oscillator circuit is configured to adjust the variable inductance provided between the first and second ends of the signal line of the second transmission line by adjusting the variable load impedance provided at the first end of the signal line of the first transmission line, wherein the variable inductance provided between the first and second ends of the signal line of the second transmission line constitutes a frequency determining element of the oscillator circuit.

Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator and a method for tuning oscillations. The oscillator comprises a resonator input connected to an oscillator core and a frequency tuning network. The oscillator core and resonator input are isolated from the frequency tuning network by inductors. The method comprises generating oscillations, tuning the frequency of the oscillations by varying a capacitance, and isolating one or more of noise sources or parasitic capacitances from the tuning network.

Abstract: Methods, systems, and apparatus for managing power in a data center. In one aspect, a method includes monitoring respective phase power level in each phase of an alternating current multi-phase supply that provides power to a plurality of data center alternating current devices in a data center, comparing the respective phase power levels to phase distribution criteria that describe a target phase power level for each respective phase and determine, based on the comparison, a deviation of one or more of monitored phase power levels from the respective one or more target phase power levels and in response generate, for each of two or more data center alternating current devices, respective control signals to adjust the one or more adjustable phase power supplies in the data center alternating current device according to a determined adjustment for the data center alternating current device.

Abstract: A quadrature voltage controlled oscillator (QVCO). The QVCO includes a first node for providing a first quadrature signal, a second node for providing a second quadrature signal, a third node for providing a third quadrature signal, and a fourth node for providing a fourth quadrature signal. The QVCO further includes a first coil connected between the first node and the second node and a second coil connected between the third node and the fourth node. The first coil and second coil are positively magnetically coupled.

Abstract: In one embodiment, a voltage-controlled oscillator has a ring of delay stages and power-regulating circuitry regulating power to each delay stage. Each delay stage has at least one inverter having a leg having a current regulator that controls current flowing through the leg and thereby controlling gain of the delay stage. The VCO receives three control signals that affect the amount of delay applied by each delay stage and therefore the VCO output frequency: a first applied to control the power-regulating circuitry, a second applied to at least one transistor gate in the current regulator, and a third applied to at least one transistor body in the current regulator. The power-regulating circuitry has a parallel configuration of a power-regulating transistor, a first capacitor, and a switched-capacitor leg having a second capacitor and a switch for controlling settling time. The capacitors regulate the power supply without a dedicated, opamp-based voltage regulator.

Abstract: An electronic device for synthesizing a frequency is provided. The electronic device includes a bank changer configured to output a channel code corresponding to a reference frequency signal and a feedback frequency signal, a channel code mapper configured to generate a changed channel code by applying an offset to the channel code output from the bank changer, and a voltage controlled oscillator configured to control a total capacitance of a plurality of capacitors based on the changed channel code and to oscillate a frequency dependent on the total capacitance.

Abstract: A pulse width modulation controller (PWM) is disclosed which has a MOSFET (15) responsive to the error voltage (Verror) signal from the PWM amplifier (17) to detect a transient condition without delay ?Td. The MOSFET drain generates and applies a detection signal (S) to a delaying circuit (D). The delaying circuit (D) is responsive to the transient detection signal (S) to asynchronously output two latch signals (S1) and (S2) which on application to respective latch circuits (L1, L2) cause a change in conduction state of PMOS (8) and NMOS (9). This arrangement reduces voltage undershoot.

Abstract: An oscillator includes: an integrated circuit including a circuit for oscillation; a resonator element; a circuit element; a heating element, and a container. The integrated circuit, the resonator element, and the heating element are arranged inside the container. The circuit element is arranged outside the container.