Abstract: A low-energy input process for the pyrolytic conversion of biomass to charcoal or carbonized charcoal is provided. The biomass is sealed in a container, pressurized with air and heated to ignition. Control of pressure by input of air and release of gases to maintain successively lower pressure levels results in a typical time for the conversion of less than 30 minutes.

Abstract: In a process for the production of urea, substantially pure ammonia and carbon dioxide are reacted in a reaction space (1) from which comes out a reaction mixture subjected to stripping (2) to obtain a partially purified mixture sent to a urea recovery section (3, 4, 7, 8). From the recovery section (3, 4, 7, 8) it is obtained a dilute carbamate solution, which is subjected to stripping (9) with recycling of vapors to the reaction space (1) after condensation (6). This process achieves high conversion yield with reduced energy consumption and low implementation costs.

Abstract: Degraded molecular weight copolymers of ethylene alpha-olefin are provided. The ethylene alpha-olefin copolymers, before degradation, are characterized by having a narrow molecular weight distribution and are comprised of intramolecularly heterogeneous and intermolecularly homogeneous copolymer chains. The degraded copolymers are useful as viscosity index improvers for oils.

Abstract: The invention provides lubricating oil compositions containing a base oil functionalized by the presence of aromatic groups attached to molecules of the base oil by a sulfonamido linkage, and their preparation by a process which consists of reacting the base oil with an aromatic sulfonyl azide.

Abstract: A magnetic coating composition prepared by a method comprising a wetting step for wetting powder materials including a magnetic powder with a small amount of a solvent in a kneading machine having an agitation means in a closed container, a first kneading step comprising adding an amount of a binder resin and an amount of a solvent to a mixture from the wetting step and mixing and kneading it, a second kneading step comprising continuously adding the solvent till a consumed power of a kneading apparatus reaches maximum, a third kneading step comprising stopping the addition of the solvent at the maximum consumed power and further kneading the mixture, and a dilution step comprising gradually adding the solvent to the mixture while applying shear force, in which composition, the magnetic powder is highly dispersed and which provides a coating type magnetic recording medium having good properties.

Abstract: An oil soluble dispersant additive useful in oleaginous compositions selected from fuels and lubricating oils comprising the reaction products of:(i) at least one intermediate adduct comprised of the reaction products of(a) at least one polyanhydride, and(b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyamines, polyols, and amino alcohols; and(ii) at least one member selected from the group consisting of(a) at least one long chain hydrocarbyl substituted C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 dicarboxylic acid producing material, or(b) at least one long chain hydrocarbyl substituted hydroxy aromatic material and at least one aldehyde.Also disclosed are oleaginous compositions, particularly lubricating oil compositions, containing these oil soluble dispersants.

Abstract: There is disclosed a group of lubricant additives that have improved oxidative stability, high viscosity and relatively lower cost and that comprise telomerized vegetable oils having no more than 4% polyunsaturated fatty acids. There is also disclosed sulfurized and phosphite adduct derivatives of telomerized vegetable oil for use as lubricant additives.

Abstract: A composition of matter comprising a mixture of:a) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene monoallophanate;b) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene diallophanate;c) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene triallophanate;d) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene tetraallophanate;e) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene pentallophanate;f) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene hexaallophanate;g) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene heptaallophanate; andh) p-nonyl-co-p-phenylcalix[8]arene octaallophanate.

Abstract: The rust inhibition capability of a lubricating oil having an average ring number per mole of less than 1.5 can be enhanced by adding a rust inhibitor that is capable of reducing the oil/water interfacial tension to between about 1 to about 4 mN/m.

Abstract: Lubricants for electromagnetic recording media are characterized in that they are amides, imides or amide-imides consisting of perfluoroalkylpolyether derivatives. The derivatives are reacted with perfluoropolyether radicals and cyclic amino compounds, nitrogen-containing heterocyclic amino compounds and phosphonitrile amide compounds. The general formula is represented by (1)(Rf) l--Z . . . (1)with the molecular weight of the Rf group being comprised between 400 and 10,000.

Abstract: The present invention is directed to an oil-soluble lubricating oil additive comprising at least one terminally unsaturated ethylene alpha-olefin polymer of 300 to 10,000 number average molecular weight substituted with thiocarboxylic acid producing moieties (preferably acid or anhydride moieties), wherein the terminal unsaturation comprises ethenylidene unsaturation. The thiocarboxylic acid or anhydride substituted polymers of this invention are useful per se as additives to lubricating oils, and can also be reacted with a nucleophilic reagent, such as amines, alcohols, amino alcohols and metal compounds, to form products which are also useful lubricating oil additives, e.g., as dispersants.

Abstract: A combustible carbonaceous briquette and method of making the briquette wherein a finely divided carbonaceous material is formed into a desired briquette shape under high pressure whereby carbonaceous particles are bound together by a pre-cooked mixture of an organic binder and a water-swellable clay. The combustible carbonaceous material is present in the briquette composition in an amount of about 85% to about 96% by weight; the organic binder is present in an amount of about 2% to about 8% by weight; and the water-swellable clay is present in an amount of about 1% to about 5% by weight. The weight ratio of organic binder to water-swellable clay, dry weight basis, is in the range of from about 1.5 to about 3.0 to 1.

Abstract: An additional step directed to the Starbuck process of desulfurizing coal and ores, as described and claimed in reissue patent No. RE. 32,454 dated Jul. 7, 1987, including the treatment of non-weathered coal ore to simulate weathered coal ore. Several approaches are presented which result in increased sulfur removal and increased pyrite removal.

Abstract: Reaction products in which polyethers are connected to hydroxyalkylated polyamines using diisocyanates have been found to be effective ashless dispersants and detergents for various lubricants and fuels.

Abstract: Low temperature lubricating oils are fluorosiloxane compounds of the formulaT.sub.a M.sub.b D.sup.F.sub.c D.sub.dwhereinT represents phenyl trisiloxy groups or mixed phenyl trisiloxy-and alkyl trisiloxy groups;M represents trialkyl monosiloxy groups triphenyl monosiloxy groups or tri-alkyl/phenol-monosiloxy groups;D represents dialkyl disiloxy groups, diphenyl disiloxy groups, or phenyl-alkyl disiloxy groups and;D.sup.F represents disiloxy groups with a methyl or phenyl substituent and a fluorinated substituent of the formula C.sub.n F.sub.2n+1 --CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --;a is a number from 0 to 5;b is a number from 3 to 7;c is a number from 3 to 7;d is a number from 30 to 70; andn is a number from 1 to 12.

Abstract: A material useful as a dispersant additive in oleaginous compositions selected from fuels and lubricating oils comprising the reaction products of:(i) at least one intermediate adduct comprised of the reaction products of(a) at least one polyepoxide, and(b) at least one member selected from the group consisting of polyamines, polyols, and amino alcohols; and(ii) at least one of (a) hydrocarbyl substituted C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 monocarboxylic or C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 dicarboxylic acid producing material; (b) an aldehyde and a hydrocarbyl substituted hydroxy aromatic compound; or (c) an aldehyde and the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl substituted C.sub.3 -C.sub.10 monocarboxylic or C.sub.4 -C.sub.10 dicarboxylic acid or anhydride and an amine substituted hydroxy aromatic compound.Also included is a process for preparing said material and an oleaginous composition containing said material.

Abstract: Thioester derived hindered phenols and thioester derived arylamines are effective antioxidant and antiwear additives for liquid hydrocarbon fuels.

Abstract: A method for reducing friction between railroad wheel and railway track is disclosed comprising applying to the railway track a composition comprising an overbased non-Newtonian colloidal disperse system comprising: (1) solid metal-containing colloidal particles predispersed in (2) a disperse medium of at least one inert organic liquid and (3) at least one member selected from the class consisting of organic compounds which are substantially soluble in the disperse medium, the molecules of said organic compound being characterized by polar substituents and hydrophobic portions.

Abstract: A compound is a condensate of 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene with an aldehyde. The condensate is a macrocyclic compound such as a cyclic tetramer. The aldehyde is preferably a long-chain aldehyde such as hexanal, dodecanal or tetradecanal. The condensate can be used as an anti-wear additive in hydrocarbon liquids such as liquid paraffin or as an anti-corrosion additive. The condensate can be prepared by reacting 1,2,3-trihydroxybenzene with an equimolar quantity of an aldehyde in the presence of an acid.

Abstract: A formal compound is represented by formula (1): wherein R.sup.1 is a hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 26 carbon atoms, A.sup.1 is an alkylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, a is 1 to 100, A.sup.2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, b is 1 to 5, R.sup.2 is an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, c is 0 to 5, R.sup.3 is an alkylene group having 2 to 8 carbon atoms, d is 0 to 5, A.sup.3 is an alkylene group having 2 to 4 carbon atoms, e is 0 to 5, and R.sup.4 is a hydrogen atom or CH.sub.2 (OA.sup.4).sub.f OR.sup.5, in which A.sup.4 is an alkylene group having 2 to 18 carbon atoms, f is 1 to 100, and R.sup.5 is hydrogen atom or a hydrocarbon group having 1 to 26 carbon atoms, and wherein each of (A.sup.1 O).sub.a, (OA.sup.2).sub.b, (NR.sup.2).sub.c, (R.sup.3 NH).sub.d, (A.sup.3 O).sub.e, and (OA.sup.4).sub.