Abstract: A fluid treatment device comprising a housing for receiving a flow of fluid, the housing comprising a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, and at least one radiation source module disposed in the fluid treatment zone, the at least one radiation source module comprising a radiation source sealably connected to a leg, the leg sealably mounted to the housing, the radiation source being disposed substantially parallel to the flow of fluid. A method of treating a fluid in a housing comprising a fluid inlet, a fluid outlet, a fluid treatment zone disposed between the fluid inlet and the fluid outlet, the fluid treatment zone having at least one radiation source disposed therein is also described.

Abstract: The mirror elements mirror device spatial light modulator are selectively deflected. Such deflection causes incident infrared radiation to be reflected in selected directions. The number of deflected mirror elements as well as the degree of deflection determines the amount of reflected radiation which travels through an aperture and is collimated by suitable imaging optics, thus creating an infrared image that appears to be at infinity.

Abstract: For simplifying the structure of a metal ion source, in particular for imnting into semiconductor wafers small doses of metals which are hard to vaporize, the metal ion source includes an electrically heatable thermionic cathode in the form of a heating wire within an ion chamber, the heating wire being arranged adjacent a metallic component, which consists of the metal intended to give off the metal ions, and being essentially at the potential of the metallic component.

Abstract: An eyepiece lens system for endoscopes comprising a plurality of lens components and using at least one aspherical surface. This eyepiece lens system is composed of a small number of lens elements and has favorably corrected aberrations.

Abstract: In a first optical disk, a plurality of sets of bit information record cells, each cell including a plurality of bit information record cells, and a plurality of clock marks are formed along a track line on a substrate, and the bit information record cells are formed for example as pits, wherein the recording or reading of a bit of information to or from the bit information record cells is effected with a laser head. The information record cells are arranged at mutual intervals smaller than the minimum read distance of the laser head, while the clock marks are provided so as to have a distance from a set of bit information record cell which is larger than the minimum read distance of the laser head so that the clock marks can be recognized by the laser head to be used for synchronization. Then, the recording density can be improved. In a second optical disk, track recognition marks are arranged as d spiral at equiangular distances so that there are an odd number of track recognition marks per track unit.

Abstract: An integrator for integrating a deviation signal and generating an integral control signal includes an operational amplifier for receiving a deviation signal through a first resistor, a capacitor connected between an inverting input terminal and an output terminal of the operational amplifier, and a series circuit constituted of a diode and a second resistor connected in parallel to the first resistor. If a probe and a sample approach each other and the deviation signal becomes is 0.7 V or more, charges are accumulated in the capacitor through the diode and second resistor as well as the first resistor. Thus, the voltage of the integral control signal is suddenly changed to the negative to separate the probe and sample from each other. If the probe and sample are separated from each other, the deviation signal becomes negative, and the charges are removed from the capacitor through the first resistor.

Abstract: An infrared source for use in an infrared spectrometer includes an insulator core having a containment cavity, an outlet port in communication with the containment cavity, and an electrically heated infrared element mounted in the containment cavity with a portion thereof facing the outlet port and with the walls of the containment cavity closely spaced to the infrared element. The insulator core is formed of a ceramic fiber material which has excellent resistance to heat and very low thermal conductivity so that very little heat from the infrared element escapes from the insulator core except as infrared radiation through the outlet port. The insulator core is preferably mounted within a central cavity of a metal housing, and may be sealed off from the ambient atmosphere by an infrared transmissive window sealed to an outlet opening in the housing.

Abstract: A scanning probe microscope comprises a cantilever having a conductive probe positioned near a sample, an actuator for moving the sample to and away from the probe, a circuit for applying a bias voltage between the probe and sample to produce a tunnel current therebetween, a circuit for detecting the produced tunnel current, a circuit for detecting the amount of displacement of the probe resultant from interatomic forces acting between atomics of the probe and sample, thereby producing signals, a circuit for providing the actuator for feedback in response to the output signals from the circuit to retain constant the distance between the probe and sample, thereby causing the actuator to move the sample, a circuit for forming an STS image data from the detected tunnel current, a circuit for forming an STM image data from the detected tunnel current, and a circuit for forming an AFM image data. Thus, the STS, STP and AFM images are separately obtained simultaneously.

Abstract: A motionless parallel head reads an optical disk having an active surface encoded with an arrayed multiplicity of one-dimensional holograms. Each 1-D hologram is a computer-encoded representation of, typically, one 128 pixel slice of an image. A group, typically 128, 1-D holograms are positionally distributed, and positionally shifted or staggered one to the next, radially along the disk's active surface so as to fit a complete radius. Typically 14,000 groups are circumferentially-displaced around a 51/4" Compact Disk (CD), forming a herringbone pattern. During readout the encoded CD is simultaneously illuminated along the entirety of one of its radius lines within which a group of holographic data blocks are fitted.

Abstract: A disk player with a disk select function includes a disk playback unit having of a rotation mechanism for rotating a disk and a pickup positioned to face the disk, a storage area, defined in a location overlapping the disk playback unit for accommodating a magazine in which a plurality of disks are stored, a drive mechanism for moving the magazine into and out of the storage area, and a selecting/taking-out mechanism for taking out a desired one of the disks in the magazine and setting it in the disk playback unit while the magazine is moved out of the storage area. The disk player is constructed in the form of a single player unit equipped on a dashboard or the like, and a desired disk in the magazine is selectively taken out in the player unit. The top level of an elevated clamper is kept as low as possible to reduce the player thickness, while providing a large spacing between the clamper and the rotation mechanism.

Abstract: A hologram element receives a first and second laser beams at a first angle relative to one another. The hologram element emits the laser beams at a second angle relative to one another. The second angle is less than the first angle. The result is that laser beams from widely divergent laser sources may be directed into the same optical channel. Closely spaced beams are thereby provided for multiple beam optical data storage systems.

Abstract: Calibration of the write signal power level applied to a transducer for marking a moving media to optimize a later recovered read-back signal is provided. An optimized read-back signal is one where the peak-to-peak amplitude of the read-back signal is maximized. The method provides marking test patterns on the recording media at a plurality of discrete, selected write signal power levels of the marking source, developing a read-back signal from the test pattern marks, correlating portions of the read-back signal with the write signal power levels and solving a relationship of the formW.sub.c =W.sub.o -KB.sub.2 /2B.sub.3where W.sub.c is the calibrated write signal power level W.sub.o is an offset write signal power level. K is a minimum differential between write signal power levels B.sub.2 and B.sub.3 are parameters derived from a least squares fit of a second order polynomial equation to data provided by correlating read-back signals with write signal power levels.

Abstract: An electron beam exposure system comprises a beam source for producing and directing an electron beam along an optical axis, an evacuated column for accommodating the beam source and extending along the optical axis, an electron lens for focusing the electron beam on a substrate; and an electromagnetic deflector supplied with a control signal for deflecting the electron beam in response to the control signal.

Abstract: A specimen-driving apparatus used with an electron microscope. The apparatus can translate or tilt the specimen holder while preventing it from being damaged if a human operator performs any erroneous operation. The device has X, Y, Z translation directive devices, and a tilt directive device for permitting the operator to enter instructions for translating and tilting the specimen holder. A contact detector senses that the holder is in contact with the upper magnetic pole piece. A tilt condition decision portion determines whether the holder has tilted into the positive or negative domain. A Z domain decision portion determines whether the Z coordinate of the holder lies in the positive or negative domain. When the contact of the holder with the pole piece is detected, reverse movement of the holder along the Z-axis is inhibited. Also, reverse tilting movement of the holder is inhibited. When the holder comes out of contact with the pole piece, these reverse movements are permitted.

Abstract: According to this invention, since the range of power necessary for erasing an overwritable magneto-optical recording medium is set to 2.5 mW or above, overwriting is possible without erase residue due to mark (magnetic domain) diameter difference, tracking offset, ambient temperature variation and characteristic dispersion between magneto-optical recording media and thus the magneto-optical recording medium has high reliability. Moreover, the rate of change, K of the switching field of the memory layer relative to temperature at around an erase start temperature can be controlled to be a constant value so that an erase power margin can be increased and that the tolerance to the reading light when the ambient temperature rises can be improved.

Abstract: An optical disk drive of the type having a fixed optical unit having a light transmitting hole from which a laser beam is emitted, and a movable head having a light receiving hole from which the laser beam is received, wherein the respective outer edges of the light emitting and receiving holes are surrounded by a pair of annular projections. The annular projections are engageable with each other to provide a seal therebetween when the head is displaced toward the fixed optical unit. The annular projections are preferably made of a cushioning material in which instance they also serve as a cushioning or shock-absorbing member.

Abstract: A gridded electron reversal ionizer forms a three dimensional cloud of zero or near-zero energy electrons in a cavity within a filament structure surrounding a central electrode having holes through which the sample gas, at reduced pressure, enters an elongated reversal volume. The resultant negative ion stream is applied to a mass analyzer. The reduced electron and ion space-charge limitations of this configuration enhances detection sensitivity for material to be detected by electron attachment, such as narcotic and explosive vapors. Positive ions may be generated by generating electrons having a higher energy, sufficient to ionize the target gas and pulsing the grid negative to stop the electron flow and pulsing the extraction aperture positive to draw out the positive ions.

Abstract: A scanning tunnel microscope comprising: a SEM stage provided in a specimen chamber of a SEM and having a mechanism for moving in a two dimensional manner along a surface perpendicular to an electron beam; a specimen stage provided on the SEM stage and provided with a mechanism for holding a specimen so that a surface of the specimen makes an angle of 45.degree.

Abstract: A device for reading data stored in a high density multi-layered optical information carrier. Data which is stored in a carrier having a plurality of partially reflective data layers is read by wavefront shearing interferometry with low interlayer crosstalk. This allows data layers to be more closely spaced than previously possible thereby reducing spherical aberration and increasing the data density.

Abstract: An electron beam lithography apparatus is disclosed which has an aperture plate provided with an aperture including an array of repeated unit patterns and an ordinary aperture of a rectangular shape. A region free of the influence of a proximity effect is delineated using the former aperture, and a region affected by the proximity effect is delineated using the latter aperture. The number of repeated unit patterns included in the former aperture is determined considering the number of repeated unit patterns included in a pattern array to be delineated on a substrate. Thereby, the number of electron beam shots is reduced. A plurality of apertures having slightly different aperture widths may be provided for always keeping a pattern line width constant.