Abstract: An LD module comprising a substrate, an LD, an LD driving IC and a monitoring PD mounted in this order on the substrate, wirings for connecting the LD to the IC, and a light guiding device provided below the IC for guiding the LD light to the monitoring PD by detouring the LD light beneath the LD driving IC.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an optical integrated circuit device having a protrusion, a fabrication method of the same and a module of an optical communication transmission and receiving apparatus using the same. The optical integrated circuit device comprises a semiconductor substrate, an convex portion formed on an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate and having a taper shape lateral surface, a protection film formed on a lateral wall surface of the convex portion, a first electrode formed on an upper surface of the convex portion, and a second electrode formed on an upper surface of the semiconductor substrate, wherein said convex portion is formed of a first current disconnection layer, a second current disconnection layer and a clad layer.

Abstract: An optical element (1) of the present invention is provided with an optical substrate (10) and a multilayered optical thin film (11-16) formed on the optical substrate (10). An MgF2 layer (12, 16) of the multilayered optical thin film has a refractive index of 1.10 to 1.35, especially 1.15 to 1.25 with respect to a vacuum ultraviolet light beam having a wavelength of not more than 250 nm. Therefore, when the optical element (1) is used together with an excimer laser light beam having a wavelength of, for example, 248 nm (KrF), 193 nm (ArF), or 157 nm (F2), excellent optical characteristics are exhibited concerning, for example, the reflectance (anti-reflection), the polarization characteristics, and the dependency on the angle of incidence. The MgF2 layer (12, 16) can be produced in accordance with the sol-gel method. The optical element is preferably used for a projection lens of an exposure apparatus which uses the excimer laser light beam as a light source.

Abstract: A method and apparatus suitable for testing the operation of a photonic switch are described. The photonic switch includes switching means arranged to redirect (and hence switch) an incident optical signal. Operation of the switching means can be verified by providing a test optical signal arranged to be incident upon the switching means, the test optical signal path being distinct from the switched optical signal path.

Abstract: A method of producing a modulated light source including the steps of providing a modulator, fiberlessly coupling a laser diode light source to the modulator and enclosing the modulator and the laser diode light source within a housing together with output optics operative to direct modulated light from the modulator into an optical fiber extending outwardly from the housing.

Abstract: The present invention provides a substrate with antireflection films, which has excellent antireflection properties to incident light at an oblique angle from the film face side and high transmittance. Moreover, the antireflection films of the present invention provide a reflection color tone that does not tend to be bluish. This object is achieved where the substrate with antireflection films comprises a transparent substrate and at least two antireflection film layers deposited on one side of the transparent substrate as described herein.

Abstract: A variable photo-visual telescope filter that consists of filter disc (24 and FIG. 5), mounted in a protective housing (FIG. 4). The photo-visual filter is sandwiched between a telescope eyepiece at one end (Prior Art 10) and a telescope eyepiece holder (Prior Art 14) at the back of a telescope. The filter disc consists of a hard, clear material, imbedded with colors. The colors are concentrically arranged on the filter disc (24). The filter housing has an indicator window (22), which shows an abbreviation of the color being filtered (30). Filter colors are varied be slowly turning a rotary knob (18) which is attached to the filter disc (24). The rotary knob turns the enclosed filter, independent of the filter housing.

Abstract: A mirror composed of a vitreous substrate having a silver coating formed on a surface thereof produced by a process including the steps of sensitizing the vitreous substrate; activating the vitreous substrate by contacting the vitreous substrate with a solution comprised of at least one ion selected from the group consisting of bismuth (III), chromium (II), gold (III), indium (III), nickel (II), palladium (II), platinum (II), rhodium (III), titanium (III), vanadium (III) and zinc (II); contacting the vitreous substrate with a silvering solution so as to form the silver coating; and applying at least one layer of paint over the silvered substrate. Preferably, the silver coating is not covered with a protective layer of copper.

Abstract: Polarized glass articles and method of manufacturing polarizing glass articles are disclosed. Optical isolators using the polarizing glass articles have reduced coupling and surface losses when compared with conventional optical isolators.

Abstract: The present invention relates to heat-resistant and plarizers that use thin films of dichroic organic substances, mainly dichroic dyes applied on the surface of rigid or flexible substrates in which the molecules of the dichroic organic substance are arranged in the form of a crystalline grid. The purpose of this invention is to widen the spectral range of the polarizer operation while improving polarization characteristics. This dichroic polarizer includes a film having a portion at least consisting of a crystalline structure that comprises at least one dichroic organic substance, wherein the molecules or molecule fragments of this substance have a planar morphology. The dichroic substance consists of a dichroic substance having at least one crest on the spectral absorption curve within spectral ranges of 400 to 700 nm and/or 200 to 400 nm and 0.7 to 13 &mgr;m.

Abstract: Binary optics are used in an illumination system for a color projection display. In one embodiment a broad spectrum light source illuminates a multilevel optical phase element which disperses the broad spectrum light from the light source by diffraction. A display having a number of pixel elements, each capable of transmitting a predetermined spectral region, is positioned within the near field region of the multilevel optical phase element so as to receive the light dispersed by the multilevel phase element.

Abstract: Disclosed is a curved surface element (e.g., light bulb, ornament, light pipe, etc.) which has at least a portion thereof (inner or outer surface) covered with a holographic diffraction grating which was constructed to be essentially distortion free on said curved surface, whereby such diffraction grating diffracts light to emit color to the observer. The diffraction grating can take for form of a holographic optical element (HOE) attached to the curved surface or a diffractive holographic optical pattern (HOP) embossed into the curved surface.

Abstract: An angularly adjustable, vehicle side view mirror having a reflective mirror member mounted within a frame that is attached to the driver or passenger side of an automotive-type vehicle. The frame has an outer edge member having a series of horizontally spaced apart markings that are visible to the driver within the vehicle. The mirror has an outer edge that is closely adjacent to the frame outer edge member and can be pivoted into visual alignment with anyone of the frame member markings. The alignment of the mirror edge with a pre-selected frame member marking positions the mirror for reflecting either a blind spot side area or an area closer to the vehicle side. The marks also guide the driver in setting the mirror to pre-selected angles whenever the particular pre-set angle has been changed.

Abstract: A high durability circular polarizer includes an unprotected K-type polarizer, such as a KE polarizer sheet, and a quarter-wavelength retarder. An optical system using the circular polarizer further includes an emissive display module such as an organic light emitting diode or a plasma display device.

Abstract: Disclosed is a refractive-diffractive hybrid lens that includes a refractive lens having at least one aspherical surface, and a diffractive lens structure having a plurality of concentric ring-shaped steps that are formed on at least one lens surface of the refractive lens. The refractive lens and the diffractive lens structure are designed such that a change of the spherical aberration due to a change of the refractive index becomes small. That is, the refractive lens is designed to correct a coma and to reduce the change of the spherical aberration due to the variation of the refractive index, and the diffractive lens structure is designed to correct the residual spherical aberration. The refractive lens is a single biconvex lens, and at least one surface is aspherical. The diffractive lens structure generates a negative spherical aberration to reduce the ratio of a change of the spherical aberration to a variation of the refractive index.

Abstract: An optical sheet to be used for a back light unit of a liquid crystal display having at least a lamp and a light guiding plate has the following structure. The optical sheet is constituted by a lower base portion and an upper fitting portion which are fitted each other in a vertical direction with less margin, and the base portion and the fitting portion are formed of materials having different refractive indices. The base portion is provided with a large number of triangular portions having a triangular sectional shape in parallel, the triangular portion having a first side surface positioned on the left side and a second side surface positioned on the right side. Moreover, the first side surface of the triangular portion has an angle which is equal to or greater than an angle formed between a direction taking a peak of a ray refracted and incident on an inside of the base portion through a light guiding plate and the transverse direction.

Abstract: Atomizing device for atomic absorption spectroscopy according to the Zeeman method, wherein a tubular atomizing furnace which is transversely heated via wings and with horizontally oriented furnace tube is located with its furnace wings between vertically arranged electrodes for examination of liquid specimens fed from the top and for examination of solid specimens fed from the side, and the vertically oriented atomizing furnace is located laterally between magnetic poles.

Abstract: There is provided a polarizer constituted by a polarizing element, and at least one transparent protective film constituted by two layers of retardation films with an in-plane retardation in a range of from 190 to 320 nm with respect to light having a wavelength of 550 nm. The transparent protective film is bonded onto one of opposite surfaces of the polarizing element so that a fast axis of each of the retardation films is parallel with an absorption axis of the polarizing element. The two layers of retardation films are constituted by a combination of a retardation film with Nz of from 0.05 to 0.2 and a retardation film with Nz of from 0.3 to 0.45 in the condition of nx>ny and Nz=(nx−nz)/(nx−ny) in which nx and ny are in-plane refractive indices of the retardation films respectively, and nz is a refractive index in a direction of thickness of each of the retardation films.

Abstract: A zoom lens includes three lens units which are a first unit having a negative refracting power, a second unit having a positive refracting power, and a third unit having a positive refracting power arranged in the stated order from the side of an original surface. Zooming is effected by changing an air space between the first unit and the second unit and an air space between the second unit and the third unit. The second unit has a diffractive optical element.

Abstract: A method and apparatus of bi-directional optical circulation are provided wherein, for a plurality of optical input/output ports including a certain logical sequence, light of a first set of lights inputted to any port is outputted from the logical next port in the sequence and is prevented from being output from any other port and light of a second set of lights different from the first set inputted to any port is outputted from the logical preceding port in the sequence and is prevented from being output from any other port. An apparatus including a bi-directional optical circulator capable of either band bi-directional or interleaved bi-directional operation is also provided.