Abstract: Circuit and method for converting FSK recorded data to NRZ by measuring time intervals between signals transitions of the same polarity.

Abstract: Phase detection in a phase lock loop circuit is performed by periodically sampling the A. C. carrier communication signal applied thereto in response to a sample timing signal having a periodic frequency twice that of the carrier and a polarity check signal which is indicative of the polarity of the communication signal at a predetermined interval prior to each sample timing signal, one polarity enabling a sample to be taken and the opposite polarity inhibiting it.

Abstract: Incandescent source of visible radiations comprises a refractory support member having a thin, refractory material layer thereover, with both the support and the thin layer adapted to be heated to high temperatures. The material comprising the thin layer is highly absorptive for visible radiations and thus is a correspondingly good emitter for such visible radiations, and the material comprising the thin layer is highly transmissive for infrared radiations and a correspondingly poor emitter for such infrared radiations. Minute optical discontinuities in the thin layer act to scatter infrared radiations and the infrared radiations which are generated in the support member are scattered back to the support member in order to contribute to the heating of same. Visible radiations, in contrast, are absorbed and emitted by the thin layer so that this layer is a very selective radiator.

Abstract: The start-up delay of an externally synchronized astable multivibrator is reduced by placing a low impedance path between ground and the base electrode of a transistor in the input circuit to the multivibrator in response to the signal which turns on the multivibrator.

Abstract: A circuit arrangement for multiplying the repetition rate of an input signal by digital techniques is disclosed. A digital counter driven by a high speed clock generates a count proportional to the input period. This count or a different count generated by translating the input count is stored repetitively at the end of each input period. A second counter is used to count the same reference pulses and produce an output pulse when its count equals the stored count.Alternatively, one of the counters can be reset to a non-zero value at the end of each of its operation cycles, thus allowing a match to be reached in an appropriate output period.

Abstract: A latching circuit is used to exclusively select either a full intensity command signal, a presettable intermediate intensity command signal or a zero intensity command signal. The command signals are fed to an output signal generating circuit which controls a variable voltage supply source for a lighting system. A null comparator and integrating circuit compares the output signal with the selected command signal and increases or decreases the output signal until it is in conformity with the selected command signal. Circuits are also disclosed which provide the capability of changing the intensity of the lights between two preselected intermediate intensity levels or between any two of a number of preselected intermediate intensity levels.

Abstract: An ignition plug for internal combustion engines in which a spark gap is established between a central electrode and a ground electrode opposed thereto and a spark discharge is generated in the spark gap so as to ignite a mixture, wherein the ground electrode takes a unique form such that it is provided with a kerf, groove, depression, projection or the like at its spark discharge area confronting the central electrode whereby the ignition ability is improved with the result that a lean mixture is useful to reduce the quantity of harmful components in the exhaust gas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for demodulating an input signal modulated according to the phase shift keying (PSK) modulation method wherein the modulated input signal is combined with a reference voltage of the same frequency which is leading in phase by one-quarter of the period duration of the input signal, the resulting output signal is delayed in time by one-half of the period duration of the input signal and is combined with an identical but undelayed signal to provide a control voltage, and the control voltage is utilized for setting the phase of a further reference voltage which is then combined with the input signal to produce the demodulated output voltage.

Abstract: Various injection locking arrangements employing Josephson oscillators are disclosed for achieving signal amplification, frequency conversion and the detection of extremely low level signals at high frequency ranges.

Abstract: Signal modulation apparatus includes a PIN diode network which is fed a carrier signal from a carrier signal source and a modulation signal from modulating current output terminal which receives a modulation current directly from a temperature-compensated constant-current amplifier and a signal via a unity gain amplifier from a reference diode which is also fed from the constant-current amplifier which is adapted to receive a modulating signal.

Abstract: Novel apparatus is provided which permits the combination of the peak pulse power from a pair of avalanche diode oscillators, each diode driving a respective one of two symmetrically suspended airstrip transmission lines which are coupled to a common output connector.

Abstract: Two embodiments are disclosed of a system for the fast tuning of high power amplifier circuits. In one embodiment a strip line resonating circuit is selectively tuned by the actuation of selected ones of a plurality of PIN diodes which interconnect a relatively high impedance of strip line circuit with a strip line circuit having a lower characteristic impedance. In the second embodiment a coaxial cavity is terminated in an output transmission line. The cavity and the output transmission line are separated by an array of shorting stubs, each of which is selectively energizable by a suitably located PIN diode.

Abstract: The values of a binary frequency error signal are periodically transmitted to the generator to be controlled, through a narrow band channel. A sequence detector circuit records the successive received values of the frequency error signal and as a function of the last two received values, controls a modulated pulse generator circuit in order to form a variable-amplitude correction signal. The amplitude of the correction signal is reduced with each change in the value of the frequency error signal received, whose changes in value reproduce changes of a phase error signal.

Abstract: An enabling circuit selectively generates first, second and third enabling signals. The first enabling signal enables a pulse generator means which generates a train of clock pulses. The second enabling signal enables a gating means which applies the clock pulses generated by the pulse generator means to the up input terminal of an up/down counter. The third enabling signal enables a gating means which applies the clock pulses generated by the pulse generator means to the down input terminal of the up/down counter. The up/down counter evaluates the difference between the number of clock pulses applied to its up input terminal and the number of clock pulses applied to its down input terminal and generates a digital signal representative of the evaluation. Finally, digital to analog converter means generates an analog output control signal whose magnitude is determined by the digital generated by the up/down counter.

Abstract: Device for observing electrical equipment under voltage application, characterized in that it comprises an adjustable periscopic glass which include a lens assembly which conforms to and interfits with the observation ports within the equipment and carries within the lens assembly adjacent the periphery a light source for illumination of the equipment enclosure interior.

Abstract: Apparatus for producing timing signals for photometric measurement by utilizing light transmitted through samples to be analyzed.

Abstract: A ladder oscillator composed of capacitive and inductive impedances connected together to form a ladder network which has a chosen number N oscillation modes at N different frequencies. Each oscillation mode is characterized by a unique standing wave voltage pattern along the nodes of the ladder oscillator, with the mode in which the ladder oscillator is oscillating being determinable from the amplitudes or phase of the oscillations at the nodes. A logic circuit may be connected to the nodes of the oscillator to compare the phases of selected nodes and thereby determine which mode the oscillator is oscillating in. A ladder oscillator composed of passive capacitive and inductive impedances can be utilized as a frequency recognition device, since the passive ladder oscillator will display the characteristic standing wave patterns if an input signal impressed upon the ladder oscillator is close to one of the mode frequencies of the oscillator.

Abstract: A microwave modulator especially adapted for use in a digital microwave transmitter and capable of operation over a broad range of data rates and carrier frequencies. The modulator is operative with a multiple level modulation signal having zero average amplitude and provides in response thereto a multiple phase coded signal having zero average phase. A plurality of microwave diodes are disposed in spaced relation along a transmission line and are operative in response to control inputs derived from the modulation signal as signal reflection means to phase modulate the microwave carrier signal.

Abstract: A common emitter differential amplifier is arranged to receive an amplitude modulated high frequency signal and demodulate it. The common emitter differential amplifier has the emitters of two transistors connected together and these emitters are then connected through a constant current source to a reference potential. At least one of the collectors of the two transistors is connected through a collector resistor to a potential source. The collector of the other transistor is connected to the same potential source either directly or through a resistor associated with it. Negative feedback is provided through a serially connected rectifier and current amplifier. The output of the current amplifier is also connected through a low pass filter to an output terminal. The high frequency signal is fed to the base of one of the above transistors, while the base of the other transistor is connected to a reference voltage.

Abstract: An oscillator which includes a complementary symmetry metal oxide semiconductor (CMOS) inverter, a crystal connected between the input and output terminals of the inverter, and input and output capacitors connected to these input and output terminals, respectively. Low power dissipation is achieved by making the input capacitance of much higher value than the output capacitance. Frequency stability is obtained by incorporating a voltage controlled capacitor in the circuit which, in response to a change in operating voltage, changes value in a sense to compensate for the tendency of the oscillator frequency to change.