Abstract: A step and repeat mechanism is used with an X-ray lithography system for moving a wafer to be exposed from position to position beneath the source of x-rays. The step and repeat mechanism includes, means for moving the wafer to be exposed with six degrees of freedom. Conventional drive motor means move the step and repeat mechanism, and wafer held thereby, in the X, Y and Z linear directions, as well as rotates, tip and tilt the wafer in the planar direction. In addition, the system includes, three fine Z motor assemblies for moving the wafer in fine increments in the Z direction, which motor assemblies are used to tip and tilt the plane of the wafer. Sensors are included for determining the plane of the mask and the plane of each of the various sections of wafer to be exposed, so that appropriate tip and tilt adjustments by the three fine Z motor assemblies can be made to cause the average plane of each section of the wafer to be exposed to be parallel to the plane of the mask.

Abstract: A method of measurement of mass flow rates of multicomponent systems comprises directing gamma radiation from a collimated source onto extended scattering means irradiating the flowing medium with single-scattered gamma photons, detecting scattered photons with wide angle photon energy detectors and computing the flow rates from the component velocities and densities.

Abstract: The invention relates to an X-ray apparatus with a motor-driven movable part. The drive takes place via a shaft, which is mounted in a bearing, the bearing forces of which are measured by a measuring device.

Abstract: In a radiation therapy machine it is desirable to produce irregular radiation field shapes in order to shield critical organs not invaded by the tumor. A multileaf collimator is formed of a multiplicity of heavy metal bar leaves driven relative to frames which are driven relative to jaws of a rectangular field collimator by electric motors and flexible cables.

Abstract: A cathode electrode improvement is disclosed which utilizes a front focus slot having a diverging cross-sectional area to focus an electron beam within an x-ray tube to provide a high emission, small area focal spot.

Abstract: In a radiation detecting apparatus having its radiation receiving section composed of two-dimensional or one-dimentional array of radiation sensors, the whole electronic circuit is classified into a temperature-sensitive circuit portion and a temperature-insensitive circuit portion for keeping at least the temperature-sensitive circuit portion at a substantially constant temperature also during the period in which the apparatus is kept standing for detecting a radiation image. For the purpose, at least the above temperature-sensitive circuit portion is kept energized even when a radiation image is not detected; kept warmed by a heating element energized only when a radiation image is not detected, made to get in touch with a heat sink intermittently; or blown at least intermittently by a blower or blowers.

Abstract: Radiological device of the pivoting type, comprising a fixed base (1), a longitudinal pivoting carriage (2) mounted on the base (1) and carrying, on the one hand longitudinally, a patient support panel (8) connected to the carriage by a patient support panel support, the panel support consisting of a bracket (3), the top horizontal beam (5) of which, which is mounted on an arm (6), forms a bridge for the passage of a practitioner.

Abstract: An X-ray CT scanner comprises a plurality of X-ray generators which are arranged radially on a circle concentric with an object for measurement and each consists of a cathode electrode, an anode electrode constituting a target and a grid between the cathode and anode electrodes. For X-ray tomography, X-rays are projected onto the objects from the circle concentric therewith by sequentially temporarily removing a bias voltage applied to the grids of the respective X-ray generators for suppressing an electron beam directed from the cathode electrode to the anode electrode of each X-ray generator.

Abstract: An X-ray is generated when thermoelectrons emitted from a cathode impinge upon an anode, and the X-ray thus generated is taken out from a window. The cathode has a surface formed with two grooves intersecting at a right angle with each other and two coil filaments are fitted thereinto. By selectively heating one of the two coil filaments, a region on the anode upon which the thermoelectrons impinge is changed, whereby one of point- and line-focusing X-rays is selectively taken out from the window provided at a portion slightly below the face of the anode and at a wall of a casing of an X-ray tube.

Abstract: An X-ray computed tomography (CT) scanner is used to measure the density of mercury plasma in an operating arc lamp.

Abstract: In-vivo bone density measuring system using a modified emission computed tomographic gamma camera arrangement for detecting radiation from two separate sources located outside of the body of the patient and oppositely disposed to the gamma camera during rotation of the gamma camera and sources means about the patient for obtaining tomographic data. The two separate sources emitting at least two energy levels. The system includes processing means for the detected radiation to provide a bone mineral density map.

Abstract: An x-ray diagnostics installation includes an x-ray source, an x-ray image intensifier with a following video chain, a sheet film changer, and a support table for an examination subject. The sheet film changer is mounted on a carriage moveable beneath the patient support table. The x-ray source and the x-ray image intensifier are displaceable together along the support table, and the sheet film changer is positionable by means of the undercarriage in the beam path in front of the x-ray image intensifier, and is couplable thereto so that it follows the movements of the x-ray image intensifier along the support table on its carriage. The installation can thus be optionally used for transillumination or exposure of an examination subject on the table.

Abstract: A method and a device for inspecting a joint such as the joint at the rim of a container. Radiant energy is directed into a small area of irradiation on the joint and the container rim is moved relative to the radiant energy so that the area of irradiation moves in one direction along the rim. Additionally, the area of irradiation is scanned crosswise to the one direction to move the area of irradiation across the width of the joint. Radiant energy reflected from the area of irradiation or transmitted through the area of irradiation is detected. This radiant energy indicates the characteristics of the joint. The characteristics indicated by the radiant energy are compared to predetermined set value characteristics to detect product residue or other defects in the joint.

Abstract: A conveyor is provided for use in an irradiation cell to transport goods to be irradiated past a radiation source panel. The conveyor has a plurality of irradiation conveyor lines parallel to the source panel, which "parallel" lines are independent of each other. Transfer conveyor lines, perpendicular to the alignment of the "parallel" conveyor lines and the source panel, and located outwardly of the ends of the source panels and crossing the extended paths of the irradiation conveyor lines, are provided for transferring goods to be irradiated to the parallel conveyor lines and for permitting direct exposure of two sides of goods to the same panel.

Abstract: The present invention which relates to a method of collecting data which enables exact opposing view data to be obtained as the real data with respect to data on any channel in an X-ray tomograph which uses fan beam X-rays is characterized in that the timing for collecting the output data of each detection channel is so selected that the relationship in which a pair of items of data based on a pair of X-ray beams which pass a substantially common route formed in a target in the opposite directions to each other are detected by a pair of channels which are situated at substantially symmetrical positions with respect to the center of an X-ray detector may be established with respect to all channels.

Abstract: A cushioned oral X-ray plate packet as well as a cushion for use with an X-ray plate packet are provided. The cushion is made of compressed cellulose sponge material which expands in thickness when moistened. A cushion wrap is also disclosed for controlling the wetting and/or expansion of the cushion.

Abstract: A structure for suppressing arcing in electric current carrying anti-friction bearings operating in a vacuum environment is disclosed having opposed spaced-apart surfaces forming an effective capacitor in parallel with the bearings responsive to temperature to reduce arcing which would otherwise result from current interruption in the bearings.

Abstract: A high energy imaging system provides a "slotted" or "slot-shaped" or "rectangular cross-section" beam of illumination to intercept an annular region of an object of revolution as it is rotated. A detector array is located to intercept the illumination beam emanating from the object. The detector array includes an opto-electric transducer imaging a plurality of scintillating optical fiber or fiber bundles. The optical fiber or fiber bundles are located substantially parallel to each other with longitudinal axes substantially perpendicular to the direction of the illuminating radiation and parallel to the longitudinal axis of the object being imaged.

Abstract: Automatic filmer capable of centering the cassette with respect to an x-ray window and measuring the width and length thereof. Oppositely disposed channels are used to center the cassette about a first center line and measure the width thereof. A gripper assembly is used to draw the cassette into the housing and determine the length of the cassette. A carriage assembly moves the cassette within the housing so as to expose the cassette to x-rays within the x-ray window.

Abstract: By applying infra-red radiation as well as beta-radiation measurement techniques combined with a characteristic x-radiation measurement technique using a mono-energetic and stable x-ray source, it is possible to carry out a very accurate selective filler measurement on a moving paper web containing two fillers, provided that at least one of the two fillers has a distinct absorption band in the infra-red radiation range. The web is irradiated by the individual measurement rays, and the detected measurement signals resulting from the irradiations of the web are processed in a micro-computer.