Abstract: The production of ethylene oxide by the catalytic vapor phase oxidation of ethylene with a molecular oxygen-containing gas is effected in a reactor provided with a preheating zone, a reaction zone, a cooling zone, a partition plate separating the first two portions from the third portion, and a multiplicity of reaction tubes piercing the two separated sections by a method which comprises supplying hot water to the cooling zone of the reactor, forwarding zone of the hot water discharged from the cooling zone to a gas-liquid separation tank, circulating the remainer of the hot water in conjunction with the cooling hot water to the cooling zone, supplying the hot water separated in the gas-liquid separation tank to the reaction zone to remove the heat of the oxidation reaction, and circulating the hot water extracted in the form of a gas-liquid mixed phase to the gas-liquid separation tank.

Abstract: A phase transfer catalytic process for the preparation of epoxide and halohydrin intermediates, which can be subsequently and directly reacted with isopropylamine to produce beta-adrenergic antagonists such as atenolol, propanolol and their derivatives. In the process disclosed in the present invention, quaternary ammonium salts of high alkyl groups or tertiary ammonium salts of lower alkyl groups are used as catalyst in the phase transfer catalytic oxygenated-alkylation reaction between an aromatic alcohol such as p-hydroxyphenyl acetamide (for the production of atenolol) or .alpha.-naphthol (for the production of propranolol) and epichlorohydrin to yield epoxide and halohydrin intermediates. The quaternary ammonium salts of high alkyl groups are represented by the following formula: ##STR1## wherein R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, and R.sub.4 are C.sub.1 to C.sub.20 alkyl groups and at least one of the R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, or R.sub.4 is a C.sub.9 to C.sub.20 alkyl group, and X is a halide group.

Abstract: A method of recovering optically active epoxy alcohols from asymmetric epoxidation reaction mixture is provided whereby the epoxy alcohol may be obtained in high yield with minimal degradation of optical purity. The process is also suitable for the synthesis of useful organic sulfonate derivatives of chiral epoxy alcohols.

Abstract: The invention relates to polymeric organosiloxane ammonium salts having a silica-like skeleton and including units of Formula (I): ##STR1## wherein R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 are identical or different and signify a group of Formula (II): ##STR2## wherein R.sup.5 is an alkylene group and the oxygen atoms are saturated by silicon atoms of additional groups corresponding to Formula (II), optionally with the insertion of cross-linking agents; R.sup.3 represents groups corresponding to R.sup.1 or R.sup.2, or hydrogen or an alkyl group; R.sup.4 represents hydrogen or an alkyl group; x is the charge number of an oxo anion of a monooxo-, isopolyoxo- or heteropolyoxo acid of the elements vanadium, niobium, tantalum, molybdenum or tungsten; and oxo groups of the X anion also may be replaced by peroxo groups. The invention also includes methods of preparing the salts of Formula (I) from salts of the type (R.sup.1 R.sup.2 R.sup.3 R.sup.4 N.sup.+).sub.y Y wherein Y is different from X.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for continuously catalytically exothermally reacting propylene with tertiary butyl hydroperoxide in a reaction mixture stream comprising a tertiary butyl alcohol solution of catalyst, reacting propylene, reacting tertiary butyl hydroperoxide, propylene oxide and reaction by-products by thermosyphonically circulating the reaction mixture stream around a thermosyphonic reactor loop; continuously removing heat from the circulating stream in a downflow heat exchange zone in the reactor and continuously passing the circulating stream of reaction mixture through an adiabatic zone such as an upflow reaction zone of progressively increasing temperature while withdrawing or displacing a product stream in an amount sufficient to maintain a predetermined volume of reaction mixture in the reactor and whereby the density of the reaction mixture in the heat exchange zone will be greater than the density of the reaction mixture in the adiabatic zone whereby continuous thermosyphonic circulation can be

Abstract: Disclosed is a purification process for removing lipophilic impurities coined in an aqueous crude ethanol solution, in particular, for efficiently removing impurities consisting of C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alcohols. The process involves (a) a first extraction step wherein the aqueous crude ethanol solution is extracted with an extractant for removing the lipophilic impurities, except for the C.sub.3 -C.sub.4 alcohols, contained in the aqueous crude ethanol solution by subjecting the aqueous crude ethanol solution to extraction with the extractant in a pressurized state containing carbon dioxide in a liquidized state or carbon dioxide gas in a supercritical state; (b) a concentration-distillation step wherein a raffinate obtained in the first extraction step is fed to a distilling column to thereby obtain a highly concentrated aqueous ethanol solution from a top of the distilling column and withdraw fraction containing C.sub.3 -C.sub.

Abstract: A silver catalyst suitable for the oxidation of ethylene is provided in which the silver within a support particle, e.g., alumina, is non-uniformly distributed so that the silver concentration is clearly greater on the geometric surface and in the surface layer just beneath less than 0.5 mm thick than in the interior of the particles. The concentration of silver in the layer is two to a thousand times the concentration in the interior of the catalyst.

Abstract: A .beta.,.gamma.-dihydropolyprenyl alcohol derivative having the formula: ##STR1## wherein n is an integer of 5 to 7 and R is hydrogen, a lower alkyl group or an aliphatic or aromatic acyl group, is new and usrful as a prophylactic therapeutic agent for human and animal immuno-deficiency deseases and phylactic agent against human and animal infectious deseases. Another disclosed polyprenyl compound is also useful as the same agent.

Abstract: This invention concerns a process for the production of polyfluoroolefins by the catalytic addition of polyfluoroallylic fluorides to fluoroethylenes. 1:1 and 1:2 Adducts such as F-pentene-2 and F-heptene-3 can be formed selectively and reduced further to dihydro- or trihydropolyfluoroalkanes, which are useful as HFC cleaning agents.

Abstract: An improved process for preparing an alkyl chain growth product by the chain growth reaction of .alpha.-olefin in an aluminum alkyl uses a catalyst system which comprises an actinide metallocene.

Abstract: A process for preparing 1,1,1-trifluoro-2,2-dichloroethane by hydrofluorination, in the gas phase, of perchloroethylene in the presence of a catalyst comprising chrome oxides supported on AlF.sub.3 in the gamma and/or beta form.

Abstract: This invention relates to a process for producing linear hydrofluorocarbons of the formula XCF.sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 F, where X is H or F, and n is 1 to 7 when X is H, and n is 0 to 7 when X is F, by a vapor phase catalytic reaction of HF and phosgene or sulfuryl chloride with corresponding compounds of the formula XCF.sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CH.sub.2 OZ where Z is H or --C(O)OCH.sub.2 (CF.sub.2).sub.n CF.sub.2 X.

Abstract: An epoxidation reaction wherein: an olefin and an organic hydroperoxide, preferably, propylene and tertiary butyl hydroperoxide are reacted in a primary reaction zone in a liquid phase with an organic solvent, preferably tertiary butyl alcohol, in the presence of a soluble molybdenum catalyst at a ratio of propylene to tertiary butyl hydroperoxide of from about 0.9:1 to about 3:1, at a reaction temperature from about 100.degree. C. to about 140.degree. C.

Abstract: There is disclosed a process for producing an alkyl casylate by the reaction of a metal casylate or an enantiomer of a quaternary casylate with a trialkyl phosphite in the presence of a slight molar excess of sulfuric acid. According to one aspect of the invention the reaction is conducted under heat in the presence of concentrated sulfuric acid. When the reaction is complete, an organic layer that contains the alkyl casylate is isolated. In another aspect of the invention at least 1.0 equivalents of a trialkyl phosphite is added to a thoroughly dried enantiomer of camphorsulfonic acid, and the mixture optionally heated to about 80.degree. C. The reaction is allowed to proceed until camphorsulfonic acid is no longer present. Thereafter all phosphorus-containing species are selectively removed by distillation at reduced pressure to obtain a pure alkyl casylate in high yield.

Abstract: A method of effecting a reaction between oxygen and an organic substance comprising the stages of:a. forming a reaction mixture comprising an N-alkylpyrrolidinone, at least one organic substance capable of reaction with oxygen and a hydroperoxide decomposition catalytically effective amount of a transition metal oxidation catalyst under a partial pressure of oxygen of at least about 16 psig, the molar ratio of organic substance to N-alkylpyrrolidinone being at least about 1:100;b. subjecting the reaction mixture to conditions such that an oxidation reaction occurs, whereby:(1) at least a portion of the N-alkylpyrrolidinone is oxidized, in situ, to the corresponding hydroperoxide;(2) the hydroperoxide is subsequently decomposed by the catalytic action of the transition metal oxidation catalyst to the corresponding N-alkylsuccinimide, the decomposition resulting in the production of active oxygen which reacts with the organic substance;c.

Abstract: Unsaturated cycloaliphatic esters like higher hydrocarbyl, functionally substituted or polyunsaturated cyclohex-3-ene carboxylates, made directly by cycloaddition of dienes with dienophillic (meth/eth)acrylates, and their derivatives like epoxides and urethanes, provide useful thermal and radiation curable coatings, inks, sealants, adhesives, solvents, acid scavengers, and intermediates for other uses.

Abstract: An .alpha.-olefin oxide is produced with an enhanced reaction selectivity by a method in which an .alpha.-olefin having 6 to 30 carbon atoms is epoxidized in an aqueous solution containing hydrogen peroxide, acetic acid, an acid catalyst, for example, sulfuric acid, and a side reaction-inhibiting agent consisting of a water-soluble neutral salt, for example, sodium sulfate, in an amount of 2 to 30% based on the total weight of the aqueous solution, by an in-situ method, while maintaining the pH of the aqueous solution at a level of 0 to 1, and the resultant reaction product is collected.

Abstract: Mixtures of isomeric decyl alcohols are obtained by hydroformylation of 1-butene- and 2-butene-containing mixtures in two stages to give aldehyde mixtures, condensation of the isolated and combined aldehyde mixtures to form an aldol mixture, and isolation and hydrogenation of the aldol mixture. The mixture of isomeric decyl alcohols, esterified with phthalic acid, gives a mixture of isomeric decyl phthalates which are useful as plasticizers.

Abstract: Disclosed is a process for the preparation of 3,4-dichloro and 3,4-dibromo-1,2-epoxybutane by the reaction of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene with chlorine or bromine in the presence of a catalytic amount of a tertiary amine or a hydrohalide of a primary, secondary or tertiary amine. The reaction preferably is carried out by the addition of 3,4-epoxy-1-butene and chlorine or bromine to an organic, halogenation solvent containing chlorine or bromine and tertiary amine or amine hydrohalide catalyst.

Abstract: Process for the preparation of fluorobenzenes having at least one hydrogen atom as ring substituent and, optionally, further substituents, which, independently of each other, can be chlorine, bromine, nitro, hydroxyl, C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkoxy or C.sub.1 -C.sub.3 -alkyl, the number of nitro groups being not more than 2 and the number of hydroxyl groups and alkoxy groups being not more than 3 in each case, by heating the corresponding benzaldehydes, substituted by at least one flourine atom, in the presence of a catalyst, characterized in that the reaction product is immediately removed from the reaction zone.