Abstract: A defect detecting device for checking by light reflection parts constituted by a substrate covered with a clear coat. The device includes a reference surface wherein the inspected parts are located; a polychromatic spotlight whose light beam direction intercepts the flat reference surface in an observation area, the light beam direction forming an angle larger than .pi.-.beta., where .beta. is the BREWSTER angle, with the flat reference surface; a viewing apparatus whose optical axis is in the same plane as the light beam direction, the axis forming an angle larger than .pi.-.beta.

Abstract: The invention is directed to an x-ray image intensifier having an evacuated housing, an input luminescent screen, electron optics, and an image sensor applied inside the housing at that side thereof lying opposite the input luminescent screen. The side of the image sensor facing toward the input luminescent screen is provided with a layer system that includes at least one semiconductor layer that effects an electron conversion of the incident electrons by ionization with charge carrier multiplication and is composed of amorphous semiconductor material.

Abstract: A projection exposure apparatus has a structure in which the deviation in a focusing direction between a portion on a wafer which a focus sensor detects during exposure and a desired portion in a shot area is detected, and an offset corresponding to the deviation detected is applied to the focus sensor.

Abstract: There is disclosed a video system having a photodetector for sensing an optical pattern that is representative of a field of interest. The system incorporates a CCD photosensor having a pixel format adapted to a particular video convention, and further includes video electronics, a video output device such as a display, tape, or computer, which is adapted to a second video convention. The video output device introduces a distortion into the system in accordance with an incompatibility between the first video convention and the second video convention. To correct the distortion a cylindrical lens is disposed in the optical path extending from the photodetector to the field of interest, for varying at least one dimension of the optical pattern.

Abstract: A reflected beam from a reflective film of an optical disk exhibiting light intensity dependency is efficiently received. In the optical system, a collimator lens, a polarization beam splitter, a quarter wave plate and an objective lens are disposed in turn in an optical path between a laser and an optical disk from the laser side. A light receiver is disposed on another optical path extending from the polarization beam splitter. A light receiving aperture diameter of the objective lens for passing the reflected beam from the optical disk therethrough is made larger than an incident aperture diameter of the objective lens for impinging the reading beam on the recording medium. This structure enables information signals to be recorded at higher density on the recording medium to be reproduced.

Abstract: A laser OLB apparatus includes an XY table; a bonding laser source for irradiating bonding parts between bonding lands of a substrate and leads of a semiconductor device located on the substrate thereby bonding the bonding parts; a recognition device for recognizing whether the leads of the semiconductor device are free of flexure and deviation; and a control unit for controlling the XY table and the laser source so that bonding is conducted only when the recognition device has recognized that the leads are free of flexure and deviation.

Abstract: An X-ray image intensifier includes an envelope having an input window consisting of an aluminum alloy, and an input phosphor screen arranged in the envelope to oppose the input window, and including a substrate, an input phosphor layer formed on the substrate, and a photocathode formed on the input phosphor layer, wherein the aluminum alloy contains 3 to 6 wt % of Mg and 0.01 to 0.5 wt % of Zr. This aluminum alloy may further contain at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of 0.1 to 1 wt % of Mn, 0.01 to 0.5 wt % of Cr, 0.01 to 0.5 wt % of Sc, and 0.01 to 0.05 wt % of Ti.

Abstract: A sensor for a raster scanner is disclosed which utilizes two elements to detect the position of a scanning light beam relative to a reference level and also detect the start of the scan position. The two elements are placed adjacent to each other in such a manner that on a reference axis, the width of both elements are equal. Each element will have a varying distance between its edges scanned by a spot and such distance on one element will be different than the corresponding distance in the direction of scan on the other element except at the reference axis. Depending on the distances traveled by the light beam on each of the elements, the position of the light beam relative to the reference axis will be detected. The two edges of each element that are adjacent to each other, separating the two elements, must be parallel to each other and orthogonal to the scan direction to also use the crossing of the edges by a light beam as a start of scan detector.

Abstract: A light detection device includes a lens, a photodetector, positioned tilted at a prescribed angle to an incident beam axis, for detecting the incident beam which is incident passing through the lens, and a mask for shading a light reflected by the photo-detector to prevent from returning the reflected light in the direction of the incident beam.

Abstract: A scanning head is provided suitable for scanning large-size documents including a plurality of contact type CCDs staggered on a common substrate with overlapping end portions, so that their sensitivity ranges are adjoined to one another, adjacent ends of two CCDs being fixed on the substrate by stops, and the opposite ends of these CCDs being elastically supported to allow for thermal expansion or contraction, there being interposed between the first CCD and the third CCD, a spacer which has a thermal expansion coefficient comparable to that of the CCDs, so that the sensitivity ranges of the second and third CCDs are matched to one another, irrespective of the expansion or contraction of the second CCD.

Abstract: An imaging system employs a photoconductive material capable of bearing a latent photostatic image, a plurality of elongated parallel stripes adjacent the photoconductive material, selective scanning of the stripes to produce charge carriers within the photoconductive material, and time-ordered detection of the current created by the charge carriers with the plurality of elongated parallel stripes. Appropriate addressing of the stripes as they are scanned produces a pixellated representation of the latent image. The system has improved output signal strength and higher resolution than known systems.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for determining the edge of an individual frame of photographic film on a strip of photographic film being moved along a photographic film transport path. A plurality of light sensors are positioned in a substantially linear array substantially perpendicular to and on one side of the path and a light is shined through the film toward the array of light sensors as the strip passes along the path. By sensing the level of illumination incident upon each of the sensors and comparing the level of illumination incident thereon with a predetermined level corresponding to a known degree of opacity associated with the interframe border between individual frames on the film, the presence of a film edge can be determined when the level of illumination associated with a predetermined number of tile sensors corresponds to a degree of opacity at least as great as the predetermined level.

Abstract: The disclosure describes one unit cell of a PNPN photoswitch array for an image sensor, including a PNPN light-activated thyristor (LAT), in the form of a two-terminal device, and a load FET. The FET functions as a load and as an on-off switch in series. The output of is a voltage at a first n node that controls the FET switch that connect a voltage-ramp input line to a capacitor and a diode that are connected in parallel. The other side of the diode is the input source of the unit cell that feeds charge into a vertical CCD analog shift register. At the start of a cycle of operation, such as the beginning of a sweep of a radiation beam and prior to a pulse of a target reflection pulse, being directed onto the pnpn photoswitch, the voltage level at the first node is high. At the time when a pulse of radiation is directed onto the photoswitch the first node goes low turning the switching transistor off.

Abstract: Disclosed is a positioning mechanism of an ophthalmologic apparatus in which the operation property of the conventional mechanical vertical movement mechanism is kept while the feature of the vertical movement by means of electrical driving source or the like is utilized. That is, a positioning mechanism of an ophthalmologic apparatus for making positioning so as to obtain a predetermined height relationship between a subject eye and a measurement system or an inspection system of the ophthalmologic apparatus, comprises: a driving means for moving the measurement system or the inspection system relative to the subject eye; an operation knob to be operated for the operation of vertical movement; a speed detection means for detecting rotating speed of the operation knob; and a control means for non-linearly controlling the quantity of driving of the driving means relative to the rotation of the rotary knob on the basis of the result of detection of the speed detection means.

Abstract: An extended scene wavefront sensing apparatus and procedure that separates (deconvolves) scene effects from wavefront errors of an optical or similar system. The present wavefront sensing apparatus and procedure uses a point source wavefront slope sensor in scene scanning mode and estimates wavefront errors by using a cross-correlation or cross-coherence procedure that operates on the outputs of the point source wavefront slope sensor. A signal processing procedure employed by the point source wavefront slope sensor provides output signals corresponding to wavefront slopes at forward optics pupil locations geometrically projected to the location of the transmission and reflection measurement plane detector pairs. During the scanning process, each of the detector pairs (equivalent to a subaperture) measures the effects of the local unchanging wavefront error in the forward optical system and temporal variations due to the scanning scene.

Abstract: An image sensor uses an image reading element formed by integrating pixels for converting image information to an electric signal. In each of the pixels, a common electrode common to all the pixels and an individual electrode corresponding to each of the pixels are disposed through at least an organic photoconductive layer. A crosstalk capacitance of each of the pixels is equal to or smaller than 35% of a sum of an electric capacitance between individual electrodes and an output capacitance of the individual electrode. A blocking layer may be disposed between the common and individual electrodes. Each of the pixels may be constructed such that the individual electrode is arranged on a supporting body, and a blocking layer and the photoconductive layer are formed on the individual electrode, and the common electrode is arranged on the blocking and photoconductive layers.

Abstract: An apparatus for use in a system for making bags or the like from a continuous web or sheet of film material, the system including a perforator for imparting series of transverse perforations onto the web at regularly spaced intervals, which comprises a spreader roll having a reduced diameter portion between two enlarged diameter portions; a switch device located adjacent the reduced diameter portion; wherein the large diameter portions cause each series of perforation to pull apart and form a gap as the web is drawn over the spreader roll; and wherein the switch device is capable of being activated each time a gap passes in close proximity to the switch device.

Abstract: An image intensifier tube that utilizes a photoresponsive layer for producing electrons in response to received radiation, a solid state electron amplifier for multiplying the electrons produced by the photoresponsive layer, a cold cathode for emitting electrons into vacuum, and a phosphor screen for converting impinging electrons into a visible image. The solid state electron amplifier is formed as a semiconductive layer interposed in between a photoresponse layer and a negative electron affinity layer on the photocathode. The solid state electron amplifier receives the electrons produced by the photoresponsive layer, multiplies the electrons and directs the electrons to the negative electron affinity layer. The negative electron affinity layer then directs the electrons through a vacuum to the phosphor screen producing a viewed image.

Abstract: An apparatus for sensing the presence or an edge of a sheet, including a light emitter, a set of reflectors and at least one light detecting member. A light beam is reflected between the emitter and detector in a repeating wave form so as to intersect a sheet path; interruption of the light beam indicates the presence of a sheet. False indications of the presence, absence or true edge of the sheet such as may be caused by sheet holes or edge irregularities are avoided by the multiple passes of a beam of light across the path of the sheet. A continuous cleaning action of the sensor may be provided by the movement of the sheet over the light emitters, light detectors and/or reflectors. The sheet sensors are useful in detecting and/or correcting sheet skew, misregistration and other potential sheet handling problems.

Abstract: A control system for controlling an oscillatory-mirror light beam deflector such as a resonant light beam deflector with a reflecting mirror, has a drive circuit for applying a drive signal to energize the oscillatory-mirror light beam deflector, and a detector for detecting a drive condition of the oscillatory-mirror light beam deflector and producing a drive condition signal indicative of the detected drive condition. A PID processor circuit, which is composed of a proportional circuit, an integrator, and a differentiator, generates an adjusting signal from the drive condition signal produced by the detector. The differentiator has a variable resistor for varying a feedback resistance thereof. A processor processes the drive condition signal with the adjusting signal thereby to produce the drive signal.