Abstract: A light diffusing sheet including a clear film (#1) and two light diffusing layers (#2 and #3) formed consecutively thereon. The diffusing sheet is characterized in that the first light diffusing layer (#2) is a film of clear resin incorporated with a light-diffusing material, and the second light diffusing layer (#3) is a film of clear resin having a corrugated surface structure. The first light diffusing layer (#2) has a thickness of 10 .mu.m to 500 .mu.m and the light diffusing material has a weight concentration of less than 3%. The difference in refractive index between the clear resin and light diffusing material is 0.01 .ltoreq. .DELTA.n .ltoreq. 0.12, and the average particle diameter of the light diffusing material is between 4 .mu.m to 30 .mu.m.

Abstract: A substrate for liquid crystals has a black matrix provided over an alignment layer. The alignment layer is formed on a thin film transistor and a transparent pixel electrode. A black resinous material not containing carbon can be used as the black matrix. The black matrix is formed after the alignment layer is subjected to alignment treatment. Therefore, alignment defects of the alignment layer due to the thickness of the black matrix rarely occur. If alignment defects do occur, light transmission will not be degraded because the alignment defects sections are covered with the black matrix.

Abstract: An addressable matrix display comprises an addressable matrix of pixels, a first set of electrode tracks on one side of the matrix and a second set of electrode tracks on the other side of the matrix. The sets of electrode tracks cross one another at the locations of the pixels, and the pixels are switchable by the application of respective switching waveforms to the electrode tracks. Furthermore at least one of the electrode tracks has a resistance which varies along the length of the electrode track in order to provide increased temperature uniformity over the display due to power dissipation during switching by the switching waveforms applied to the electrode tracks. More particularly the resistance in an intermediate section of the electrode track is greater than the resistance in two end sections of the electrode track.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display including: a first transparent substrate coated with a first alignment layer, a second transparent substrate coated with a second alignment layer, the second substrate facing the first transparent substrate, a liquid crystal layer between the substrates, a polarizer attached on the outer surfaces of the substrates, a pair of electrodes formed on the first substrates, and a driving circuit applying signal voltage to the electrodes. The liquid crystal molecules adjacent to the first substrate is rotated by applying the voltage, but, the liquid crystal molecule adjacent to the second substrate is fixed regardless of the applied voltage. The electrode pair, substantially straight data and common electrodes, are inclined at an angle with respect to a gate line.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device includes a display medium containing at least liquid crystal between a pair of substrates at least one of which is transparent. At least one of the pair of substrates is provided with a film having a concave portion on the side of the display medium. The concave portion has a bottom portion in a vicinity of a center when viewed from a normal direction of the substrate. Liquid crystal molecules contained in the display medium are oriented axisymmetrically around the bottom portion or the vicinity thereof. The contour defining the concave portion in a vertical plane bisecting the bottom portion is a curve and the sign of a second differential of the curve is positive or negative or partially positive and partially negative or the gradient of a surface of the film having the concave portion continuously changes at a border between a pixel portion where the liquid crystal region lies and a non-pixel portion.

Abstract: An active matrix liquid crystal display having first and second substrate portions, a liquid crystal layer (#107) held therebetween, and a light-shielding metal film (#401) arranged in the second substrate portion in a matrix pattern and split into a plurality of film pieces (#401a and #401b) electrically isolated from one another. The matrix pattern is partitioned into each frame defined by two pairs of opposite ones of the film pieces. A nonconductive opaque resin (#402) is formed in a gap between the metal film patterns.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device having a liquid crystal layer driven by a data signal which comprises a TFT for selecting the data signal; and a ferroelectric layer of which a polarized state is controlled corresponding to the data signal selected by the TFT, and the liquid crystal layer responds to the polarized state of the ferroelectric layer, and the liquid crystal layer is driven when the liquid crystal layer responds to the polarized state of the ferroelectric layer. Since the ferroelectric layer can keep stable the polarized state for a long duration, a driving frequency can be reduced substantially to a substantially DC level, and power consumption is reduced to a great extent. In addition, the ferroelectric layer formed in a pixel divides the liquid crystal corresponding to the polarized domains of the ferroelectric layer, thereby showing an analogous grayscale image.

Abstract: A closed-cavity liquid-crystal display is provided, which is a liquid-crystal display having a wide angle of view. The liquid-crystal display comprises: an insulator layer formed with a plurality of cavities extending completely through the insulating layer, in which liquid-crystal material is filled into the plurality of cavities; a first substrate, placed on one side of the insulator layer, in which a first electrode is formed on one side of the first substrate near the insulator layer; and a second substrate, placed on the other side of the insulator layer, in which a second electrode is formed on one side of the second substrate near the insulator layer, so that the first electrode and the second electrode are used to drive and vary the alignment of liquid-crystal molecules in the plurality of cavities.

Abstract: A display apparatus adapted for viewing by a person wearing linearly polarized lenses, such as sunglasses, is disclosed. The display apparatus includes a display device, such as an LCD or a filtered TFEL display, which displays information by providing as an output linearly polarized light travelling toward the person viewing the display apparatus. A quarter-wave plate is positioned between the display device and the linearly polarized lenses of the sunglasses. The quarter-wave plate receives the linearly polarized light from the display device as an input and provides as an output circularly polarized light which passes through the linearly polarized lenses of the sunglasses substantially without attenuation.

Abstract: A method of determining a parameter of a liquid crystal cell is provided in which parameters, such as the thickness of the liquid crystal layer and the angle of the twist of liquid crystal molecule orientation in the liquid crystal cell, are accurately determined in a short time with a simple apparatus. Light from a light source 1 is transmitted through a polarizing plate 2 and incident to a liquid crystal cell 3. The light is transmitted by a polarizing plate 4 and the intensity of the transmitted light is measured by a photodetector 6.

Abstract: A method of transparency viewing, including, placing the transparency at a viewing surface, forming a light pattern and projecting the light pattern to back-illuminate the transparency. Preferably, the light pattern is formed by spatially modulating a beam of light using a plurality of light-valves.

Abstract: In a liquid crystal display device using thin-film diodes or thin-film transistors as switching elements, a protection film is provided on the entire surface of a substrate on which switching elements and signal electrodes or scanning electrodes are formed, openings are defined in corresponding positions between each electrode of the protection film and the remaining portion of each electrode layer material inside each opening is removed by an etching treatment.

Abstract: A first substrate has at least scanning signal electrodes, video signal electrodes and pixel electrodes, all of which constitute display pixels, and active elements. A first alignment layer is formed, directly or via an insulating layer, as a top layer on the electrodes constituting the display pixels and the active elements. A second substrate which is bonded to the first substrate with a very small interval provided in between is provided with a second alignment layer that is formed so as to confront the first alignment layer. A liquid crystal layer is provided in a space between the first and second alignment layers. The electrodes constituting the display pixels are formed so as to apply, to the liquid crystal layer, an electric field that is substantially parallel with the surfaces of the first and second substrates and are connected to an external control device for controlling the electric field in accordance with a desired display pattern.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display and method of operating the display includes an array of LCD elements arranged as a plurality of rows and a plurality of columns. A respective one of a plurality of data lines is connected to a respective column of LCD elements. A column of dummy LCD elements is disposed adjacent an outermost column of the array of LCD elements, and a dummy data line is connected to the dummy LCD elements of the column of dummy LCD elements. Preferably, a respective one of the plurality of data lines extends along a side of the column of LCD elements to which it is connected, between the column of LCD elements to which it is connected and an adjacent column of LCD elements, and the dummy data line extends along a side of the column of dummy LCD elements, between the column of dummy elements and the adjacent outermost column of the array of LCD elements.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a gate signal wiring formed on a substrate, a data signal wiring insulated from the gate signal wiring and formed to perpendicularly cross the gate signal wiring, a switching element provided near the perpendicularly crossing portion of the gate signal wiring and the date signal wiring and having a gate electrode and source/drain electrodes, an interlayer insulating film, and a pixel electrode disposed in the region surrounded by the gate signal wiring and the data signal wiring and on the interlayer insulating film, wherein the gate signal wiring is connected with the gate electrode, the data signal wiring is connected with one of the source/drain electrodes, the pixel electrode is connected with the other of the source/drain electrodes through a contact hole penetrating through an interlayer insulating film and via a connecting electrode, and, the width of the contact hole at the aperture surface of the contact hole is reduced by setting the height from the surface

Abstract: A plurality of control and data bus lines are formed on the surface of an insulating substrate. A pixel electrode and a switching element are formed at an area corresponding to each interconnection portion between the control and data bus lines. A plurality of capacitor bus lines are formed on the surface of the interlayer insulating substrate for forming an auxiliary capacitor between the pixel electrode and capacitor bus line. The capacitor bus line has an auxiliary capacitor pattern branching from the capacitor bus line and extending along the data bus line. This auxiliary capacitor pattern is constituted of a cutting portion and a remaining main portion. A space between the cutting portion and a corresponding data bus line is broader than that between the main portion and the corresponding data bus line.

Abstract: Light responsive, transmissivity variable eyewear utilizing two specifically configured liquid crystal cells and a method of making the cells is disclosed. The cell itself includes a pair of spaced apart transparent substrates in confronting parallel relationship to one another, transparent electrodes exposed over the outer surfaces of the substrates and connectable to a voltage control arrangement, a liquid crystal mixture contained between the substrates and tilted homeotropic alignment layers formed on the inner confronting surfaces of the substrates. The liquid crystal mixture contains a liquid crystal material with a negative dielectric anisotropy and dichroic dye molecules. All of which cooperate with one another such that the cell is highly transparent indoors, that is, out of the sunlight and is much less transparent, that is dark, in the sunlight.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display has a substrate; a transistor over the substrate, the transistor having a gate, a source, and a drain; a light shielding layer over the transistor; a color filter at sides of the light shielding layer, the color filter having a substantially consistent thickness; and a pixel electrode over the color filter, the pixel electrode being connected to one of the source and the drain of the transistor.

Abstract: An active matrix liquid crystal display comprising a common electrode (#217), connected to a conductive black matrix (#302 and #303) through a coupling electrode (#227), which allows the black matrix to be set at the common potential. The common electrode is formed on the same layer as that of the source lines and data lines. The pixel electrode (#228) and the coupling electrode (#227) are comprised of the same transparent electrically conductive material.

Abstract: The disclosure proposes the use of a graphical background for liquid crystal display assemblies. Two-dimensional graphics are printed on a rear surface of a liquid crystal matrix, a front surface of a lightguide, or a transparent label interposed between the liquid crystal matrix and the lightguide. Alternatively, three-dimensional graphics are covered or molded into a front surface of a lightguide used in the liquid crystal display assembly.