Abstract: An apparatus for optimizing a Wheatstone bridge robust in a temperature change, the apparatus including; a voltage difference measuring unit which measures a voltage difference between a current input end and a current output end of the Wheatstone bridge, wherein the Wheatstone bridge comprises a first resistor, a second resistor, a third resistor and a fourth resistor and a tuning resistor; and a resistance tuning controller which detects a resistance ratio of a first distribution resistance and a second distribution resistance of the tuning resistor so that the voltage difference measuring unit measures a maximum voltage difference, and controls tuning of the tuning resistor according to the detected resistance ratio.

Abstract: A system includes a first circuit configured to convert a first analog signal to a first digital signal. The system includes a second circuit configured to determine an area of the first digital signal above a set value and an area of the first digital signal below the set value to provide a second digital signal indicating an offset of the first analog signal.

Abstract: A heater has a smooth heating surface and a recess formed on a second surface opposite to the heating surface. The recess is formed between opposite side walls in a lengthwise direction of the heater. Formation of the recess improves the electrical resistance of the heater and the opposite side walls reinforce the heater and prevent deformation of the heater when it is subjected to high temperatures in a semiconductor wafer processing device. The heater has substantially the same width along its lengthwise direction. This improves the control of heat pattern design, because the terminal end portions do not have an expanded shape.

Abstract: A method for testing a noise immunity of an integrated circuit; the method includes: determining a value of a power supply noise regardless of a relationship between the power supply noise value and a phase sensitive signal edge position resulting from an introduction of the power supply noise; receiving, by the integrated circuit, a phase sensitive signal; introducing jitter to the phase sensitive signal by a circuit adapted to generate a substantially continuous range of power supply noise such as to alter edges position of the phase sensitive signal; providing the jittered phase sensitive signal to at least one tested component of the integrated circuit; and evaluating at least one output signal generated by the at least tested component to determine the noise immunity of the integrated circuit.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for producing thermal energy, wherein, by means of a plasma arc which is located between a cathode and an anode, light initial material that is suitable for fusion processes is put into the plasma state by supplying electric energy. Use is made of a cathode made of a metal that is suitable for allowing the particles which are produced in the plasma to be diffused and for allowing a fusion process to take place in the metal grid. The invention has a high degree of efficiency in corresponding systems such that said methods can be used anywhere where fossil and/or renewable and/or chemical fuels are used, in order to use the thermal energy directly or by conversion.

Abstract: A device for measuring an angle at which a magnetic field is aligned in a plane relative to a reference axis has at least two magnetic field sensors, which are aligned with their measurement axes in and/or parallel to the plane and oriented at right angles to each other. The device has a PLL phase control circuit with a follow-on oscillator arranged in a phase control loop, which has at least one oscillator output for a digital oscillating signal. The magnetic field sensors are coupled to the phase control loop in such a way that the digital oscillating signal is phase synchronous with a rotation scanning signal formed by rotary scanning of the measurement signals of the magnetic field sensors. The oscillator output is connected to a phasing detector for determining the phasing of the digital oscillating signal.

Abstract: A steam cooker includes a steam generator including a heating chamber defining a volume for holding water. A heat exchanger is associated with the heating chamber so as to generate steam. A steam superheater superheats steam traveling from the heating chamber to a steam cooking chamber.

Abstract: A measuring device for measuring the envelope power and the mean-power value of a high-frequency signal. The measuring device includes a detector for detecting the high-frequency signal and for generating an analog detector signal, an analog/digital converter for generating a digital signal and an evaluation device for evaluating the digital signal. A dither supply device for the supply of a dither signal is disposed between the detector and the analog/digital converter, and a dither elimination device for eliminating the dither signal is disposed between the analog/digital converter and the evaluation device. The dither supply device supplies a different dither signal for the measurement of the envelope power than for the measurement of the mean-power value.