Abstract: The method permits the non-destructive analytical detection and/or the quantification of viruses or viral particles (analytes) in a liquid sample matrix containing organic or inorganic minor constituents, in particular protein moieties and/or nucleotides and/or other viruses. To this end the viruses or the viral particles are separated from the protein moieties and/or nucleotides in the sample matrix using capillary electrophoresis and at the same time the electropherogram associated therewith is recorded. The fractions assigned to the analytes can then be identified as virus peaks in the electropherogram by spectroscopic interpretation with the aid of characteristic maxima. For better identification, a reference sample of a known virus or of a known viral particle can be added to the sample matrix.

Abstract: The invention concerns a process for producing a gradient coating of calcium phosphat phases and metal oxide phases on metallic implants, in particular made of titanium or titanium alloys, for use as dental, jaw or joint implants. A solution containing calcium ions and phosphate ions is used as electrolyte of which the pH is slightly acidic to approximately neutral. The substrate electrodes are alternately polarized cathodically and anodically. The layer deposited in a gratuated manner is adherent, has a fine structure and is distinguished by a high degree of biocompatibility.

Abstract: Electron beam irradiation step is followed by alkaline material atomizing step in the present invention. Since irradiation step and alkaline material atomizing step is conducted in different time and in different reactors, the construction cost of X-ray shielding concrete is decreased remarkably. If the humidity of incinerator effluent gas is more than 100 g/Nm.sup.3 in dry basis by adding a steam of 110.degree..about.200.degree. C., harmful substances are efficiently removed by electron beam irradiation. As a result, it is possible to realize a space-saving equipment, a reduction of required energy, a simple operation controlling, and a prevention of occurrence of secondary environment pollution.

Abstract: There is disclosed a method for separating an electroformed article from a mandrel wherein the article is more attracted to a magnetic force than the mandrel comprising employing the magnetic force on the article in separating the article and the mandrel.

Abstract: The present invention relates to electrode membranes which comprise an ion-exchange material forming a core zone, with electrodes bonded thereto on both sides, the ion exchange material being formed from homopolymers soluble in solvents, or copolymers or mixtures thereof. The polymers must have at least one residue dissociable in ions. The electrode material is connected on either side of the core zone to the ion-exchange material to form an intimate contact between the electrode and the ion exchange materials, while the external sides of the electrode are pure electrode material. The electrode membranes are useful for forming fuel cells or electrolyzers.

Abstract: A method of purifying a UF.sub.6 gas stream which comprises irradiating the UF.sub.6 gas stream with laser radiation in a vessel in order to selectively convert fluoride impurities in the gas stream to involatile products, removing the purified UF.sub.6 gas stream from the vessel and separately removing the impurities from the vessel.

Abstract: A method for the continuous preparation of a powder by reacting at least two reagents in a plasma arc, in which a first and a second reagent are fed to the plasma arc, which is maintained by a voltage applied between a first and a second electrode. At least the first reagent is electrically conductive and comprises the first electrode. The first reagent is fed to the plasma arc in a fluid form. A device for carrying out the method is provided. The device includes a parabolic shaped plasma chamber, a means for feeding at least the first reagent to the plasma chamber, and at least two electrodes for generating a plasma arc in the plasma chamber.

Abstract: The invention relates to novel membranes, formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. One application is the separation of oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, and are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25.degree. C. to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Abstract: An electrode is formed on a substrate such as a varistor, a PTC ceramic, or a piezoelectric ceramic by coating a surface of the substrate with a combination of a metal source and a source of reducing carbon. The substrate and/or the combination is an absorber of microwave radiation. Irradiation with microwave radiation causes a carbothermic reduction to occur, converting the metal source to a metal electrode on the substrate.

Abstract: A planar air-to-fuel (A/F) ratio sensor and a driving circuit therefor are provided.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprising bipolar electrodes is employed for electrochemical deposition of copper, zinc, lead, nickel or cobalt. An interior space is provided between the cathode side and the anode side of a bipolar electrode. The electrolyte can flow substantially without an obstruction through the interelectrode space between adjacent electrodes. The current densities in the interelectrode space amount to 800 to 8000 A/m.sup.2. Gas is evolved on the anode side of the bipolar electrodes and causes liquid to flow along the anode side. In the middle of the height of the anode side that liquid flow has a vertical component having a velocity of 5 to 100 cm/second. Electrolyte solution flows from the upper edge portion of the anode side to a return flow space, in which the solution flows downwardly. From the return flow space the solution is returned to the lower portion of the interelectrode space.

Abstract: A method for converting methane to methanol is provided comprising subjecting the methane to visible light in the presence of a catalyst and an electron transfer agent. Another embodiment of the invention provides for a method for reacting methane and water to produce methanol and hydrogen comprising preparing a fluid containing methane, an electron transfer agent and a photolysis catalyst, and subjecting said fluid to visible light for an effective period of time.

Abstract: The invention relates to a coated cemented carbide body for rock drilling having a substrate containing at least one metal carbide and a binder metal and an at least partly covering coating comprising at least one diamond- or cBN-layer applied by CVD- or PVD-technique. The cemented carbide body has a core of cemented carbide containing eta-phase surrounded by a surface zone of cemented carbide free of eta-phase.

Abstract: Non-evaporative processes for coating ion-containing polymers onto selected substrates and the articles made thereby, which processes fundamentally comprise contacting a substrate with a dispersion or solution of an ion-containing polymer and especially a solventless dispersion of a perfluorosulfonic acid ionomer, and thereafter contacting the dispersion- or solution-wetted substrate with a solution of a salt or of a strongly ionizing acid of a sufficient concentration to cause an adherent coating of the ion-containing polymer to be formed on the substrate.

Abstract: A high current density electrogalvanizing process and composition are disclosed for reducing high current density dendrite formation and edge burn and controlling high current density roughness, grain size and orientation of a zinc coating obtained from a zinc sulfate aqueous acidic electrogalvanic coating bath. The composition comprises a high molecular weight polyoxyalkylene glycol grain refining agent in combination with a sulfonated condensation product of naphthalene and formaldehyde which is used as an antidendritic agent.

Abstract: The method of the present invention allows used electrolyte membranes to be easily recovered from fuel cells of relatively simple structure. A stack of polymer electrolyte fuel cells (10) is decomposed into unit cells (20), each unit cell (20) consisting of an electrolyte membrane 11 and electrodes (12,13). Each unit cell (20) is soaked in a soaking tank (51) filled with methanol and left for approximately ten minutes (see FIG. 5A). The soaking process substitutes water included in the electrolyte membrane (11) of the unit cell (20) by methanol and expands and deforms the electrolyte membrane (11), thereby dissolving a solid material caused by a proton-conductive polymer electrolyte solution working as an adhesive of joining the electrolyte membrane (11) with the electrodes (12,13). This weakens the adhesive forces at the interfaces between the electrolyte membrane (11) and the electrodes (12,13) and makes the electrolyte membrane (11) easily separable from the electrodes (12,13).

Abstract: A method of reducing the concentration of, e.g., wax, in a liquid admixture with, e.g., crude oil, comprising subjecting the liquid to cavitation such that temperatures, pressures and shear forces are produced in the liquid sufficient to induce cracking of the wax, but insufficient to induce significant decomposition of lower molecular weight components of the crude oil and continuing the method for a time sufficient to lower the concentration of the wax in the crude oil.

Abstract: An electrochemical cell has a cathode material formed into a pellet shape which expands as the cell is discharged. A cathode current collector circumferentially surrounds the cathode pellet and is in contact with the peripheral edge of the cathode pellet to prevent peripheral cathode expansion. The peripheral cathode current collector maintains a stable cell impedance during cell discharge.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell comprised of a tank for holding electrolytic solution, and a drum rotatable about a horizontal axis having a non-conductive cylindrical outer surface disposed within the tank, and a plurality of elongated, like anodes arranged about the outer surface of the drum. The anodes together form a generally continuous cylindrical surface spaced from, and generally conforming to, the outer surface of the drum. Each of the anodes has at least one end projecting through the tank. A plurality of power sources is provided together with connection means for connecting groups of one or more of the projecting ends of the anodes to each power source.

Abstract: An anodizing electrolyte containing a polyethylene glycol dimethyl ether and an electrochemical process for anodizing valve metals which permits the formulation of an anodic layer having a substantially uniform thickness and reduced flaw density.