Abstract: A probe apparatus for measuring electrical characteristics of chips arranged on a wafer comprises a probe card having probe needles and a rotary chuck for supporting the wafer. The chuck is supported on an XY stage. A stationary alignment bridge is provided with a stationary camera and a capacitance sensor. The stage is provided with a movable camera. A transparent plate on which a target is formed is attached to the chuck. The target and its peripheral portion are formed of transparent thin films. The target is used for positioning and focusing of the cameras. The thin films are used for height detection by use of the capacitance sensor.

Abstract: A lamp having a minimum number of parts consisting of lamp terminals, a lens, light bulb and reflector, the lens and reflector forming a sealed envelope containing the light bulb, the bulb lead wires being secured directly to the inner ends of the terminals positioned within the envelope and constituting a light source assembly. The terminals extend through openings formed at the rear of the reflector, the openings being large enough to allow adjustment of the light source assembly with respect to the reflector in the X-Y-Z axes by manipulating the light source assembly from the rear of and outside the lamp envelope thus simultaneously compensating for variations between bulbs, reflectors and lenses. The lamp is aimed simultaneously with adjustment of said light source assembly. The defined construction eliminates the need for mounting and sealing ferrules and separate lead-in wires between the terminals and the bulb.

Abstract: At least either of a luminescent layer and an insulating layer in an electroluminescent cell is made of the copolymer between vinylidene fluoride and propylene hexafluoride. In producing the electroluminescent cell, the luminescent layer is formed by applying a phosphorescent paste on a transparent electrode and heat-treating it, and the insulating layer is formed by applying an insulating paste on the luminescent layer and heat-treating it.

Abstract: An image intensifier tube comprising a sealed envelope having therein means for controllably liberating oxygen within the envelope, and an input screen including an oxygen conditioned layer of fluorescent material and an overlying layer of photoemissive material which may be oxidized to improve the photon-to-electron conversion efficiency of the input screen.A method of improving the conversion efficiency of an image intensifier tube input screen including the steps of exposing a layer of fluorescent material to oxygen prior to the deposition of an overlying layer of photoemissive material, and subsequently exposing the layer of photoemissive material to oxygen, if desired, after the tube envelope has been sealed.