Abstract: An automatic focusing apparatus comprises a photographic optical system for forming an optical image of an object, an optical system driving circuit for moving the photographic optical system in a direction of its optical axis, a storage circuit for prestoring a plurality of MTF ratios corresponding to a plurality of focusing states of the photographic optical system, an image sensor for detecting the optical image, a spatial frequency component extracting circuit for extracting a plurality of spatial frequency components from image signals output from the image sensor, a calculating circuit for calculating a ratio between spatial frequency components representing different focusing states at every common frequency from the spatial frequency components extracted by the spatial frequency extracting circuit, a defocus detecting circuit for detecting a defocus amount and a focusing direction from the spatial frequency component ratios calculated by the calculating circuit and the MTF ratios stored in the storage

Abstract: A focus adjustor performing highly accurate focus adjustment to suit the photographer's intention with respect to a great variety of objects to be photographed. The focus adjustor permits appropriate division of focus detection area, permits selection of an area division such as to reflect the photographer's intention and permits use of the result of previous focus adjustment for a subsequent focus adjustment.

Abstract: A reader-printer for copying on a recording paper an image recorded in a microfilm is disclosed, which reader-printer is provided with shutter members capable of intercepting the projected light passing through the part of margin bordering the image. The size of the image in the microfilm is memorized in a memory. The size of the image to be copied and the size of the recording paper on which this image is to be formed are compared based on the ratio of magnification of projection of a projection lens to be used for projecting light through the image on a photosensitive member. The shutter members are driven based on a result of the comparison so that, of the path of the projected light directed to the photosensitive member, the part corresponding to the margin is automatically intercepted by the shutter members.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus that provides consistent images on an elongated web-like recording medium. The image forming apparatus forms the image on the recording medium as it is supplied from a supply member and passes across an exposure station. An associated winding member is detachably installed in the apparatus to take up the recording medium supplied from the supply member. Placed on the winding member are indicia containing information on the exposure and developing characteristics of the recording medium. The operation of the image forming apparatus is controlled according to the characteristics information that is read by a reading device prior to the attachment of a leading edge of the recording medium to the winding member during the automatic feed of the recording medium.

Abstract: A slide printer exposes an elongated microcapsule sheet to a light image in an exposure position, and, thereafter, a pressure development unit forms a visible output image on a developer sheet superposed with the exposed portion of the microcapsule sheet. The slide printer includes two light paths which are provided between a slide projector and an exposure stand in the exposure position and switched by a movable reflector according to a selected one of A4 size and A3 size of the developer sheet. A first and second exposure area to be exposed to the light image are selectively set on the microcapsule sheet in the exposure stand. The second exposure area corresponding to A4 size is arranged within the first exposure area corresponding to A3 size and in the nearest position to the development unit in a feed path of the microcapsule sheet, thereby preventing an unexposed portion of the microcapsule sheet from being left on the side close to the development unit of the second exposure area.

Abstract: In a camera provided with an operational unit including a plurality of operational components of the camera assembled therein and mounted on one side of a taking lens barrel of the camera, an opening portion for holding the camera is formed below the operational unit and extended to the a bottom surface of the taking lens barrel, and thus the taking lens, the heaviest component of all of the camera, can be surely supported at the lower portion thereof.

Abstract: A fingerboard construction for a stringed instrument such as a guitar employs a fret placement resulting in a sound characterized by perfect pitch octaves, fifths and fourths. According to the first fret placement, which begins by placing the twelfth fret, high E, exactly at half the distance between the nut and bridge of the fingerboard, perfect fourths can be found at exactly half the distance between their respective fifths.

Abstract: In a high hat stand which includes a cymbal with a convex bottom, a cymbal receiving plate having a concave upper surface for receiving the convex cymbal bottom. The plate is journaled to a main receiving body at one side of the center of the plate. An adjustable bolt, for adjusting the pivot orientation around the journal of the plate with respect to the body, is located at the other side of the center of the plate and the body. A cushion is between the plate and the cymbal.

Abstract: A motorized sheet film cartridge comprises a light proof housing which defines an opening in its top wall. A refillable tray containing stacked sheet films is slidable in the housing. The housing includes a slidable door which displaces in a longitudinal direction horizontally over the tray and its content of sheet films between open and closed positions thereof. In its closed position, the door closes the housing opening, whereas in its open position, sheet films contained in the housing can be removed therefrom through the opening. The door is operated by a reversible DC motor which drives a pair of endless chains provided on each longitudinal side of the door for displacing the door between its open and closed positions. The motor is actuated by an external computer to appropriately open or close the door. The computer also verifies that the door is closed except when film is being loaded in the cartridge or unloaded therefrom through the opening. The cartridge is removable and portable.

Abstract: An improved counting device is provided which may be attached to the back of the hand and operated by that same hand without interfering with the use of that hand. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, a counting device is attached to the back surface of the index and middle finger of one hand in a position so that the advancing means of the counter may be activated with minimal movement of the thumb of the same hand.

Abstract: A method of image recording comprises the steps of performing photometry on a plurality of pixels into which an original film is divided, calculating the large-area transmittance density (LATD) of said original film on the basis of the photometric values for individual pixels, designating the main area of said original film, calculating the average transmittance density of the designated main area on the basis of said photometric values, determining conditions of exposure as appropriate for said original film on the basis of a linear relationship between said LATD and the average transmittance density of the main area, and performing imagewise recording on a light-sensitive material under the thus determined appropriate conditions of exposure. Using this method, even an unskilled operator is capable of reproducing the image of a principal subject such as a human figure or his/her face to provide an optimum density in an easy and precise manner.

Abstract: A sound-proofing panel for the cladding of machine tools consists of a foam board (28) of a thickness of at least approximately 10 cm., over which is glued a tear-resistant plastic sheet (38). The connection to the frame (12, 14) of the machine is made by means of self-catching strip fastenings (27).

Abstract: A position sensing device including a pattern applied on an object to be moved, and a noncontact type sensor sensing the amount of measuring media formed on the pattern. The amount of the measuring media is gradually varied in a line along which the moving object is moved. Thus, data of the measuring media of the pattern corresponds to a position of the moving object. This data is stored in a memory of the microcomputer, and used for sensing a position at which the object is stopped.

Abstract: An image recording apparatus which can provide an output visible image on an ordinary sheet. The apparatus uses a photosensitive recording medium whose surface is provided with microcapsules encapsulating therein a chromogenic material or dye precursor. Developer material particles are supplied over one of the photosensitive recording medium and the ordinary sheet for generating a chromogenic reaction with the dye precursor.

Abstract: A method for determining the spacing between adjacent vantage points for taking a 3-D photograph which involves computing the desired spatial parallax in accordance with the following formula: ##EQU1## where P is the desired spatial parallax, V is the viewing distance and E is the capability of the eyes to fuse the two images together expressed in terms of arc minutes of the scanning angle and utilizing results of this computation to compute the distance T between adjacent vantage points in accordance with the following formula: ##EQU2## where B is the distance between the camera and the background object and K is the distance between the camera and the key subject and u is the back focal length of the camera lens. A calculator has been provided for making the necessary calculations.

Abstract: An image recording apparatus for recording an image on an elongated continuous form photosensitive recording medium fed along a recording medium feeding path is disclosed.

Abstract: An image forming apparatus with comprises a pair of pinch rolls operable to press a web of donor sheet, supplied from a roll thereof, a receptor sheet together to accomplish an image development by an application of a pressure thereto, and an automatic loader operable to set a leader sheet, secured to a radially outermost end of the roll of donor sheet, in a sheet transport path including the pinch roll pair and then to secure the leader sheet to a take-up spool having an adhesive region formed thereon for connection with the leader sheet. The take-up spool is driven in a first direction about a longitudinal axis of the take-up spool during an automatic loading and in a second direction counter to the first direction about the longitudinal axis of the take-up spool during an image forming operation.

Abstract: An electrolytic capacitor comprising a pair of electrode foils, an oxide layer provided on the surface of at least one of said electrode foils, an ion permeable capacitor paper interposed between said pair of electrode foils, an electrolyte being impregnated into the capacitor paper. The capacitor paper contains hydrogen reducing fine particles consisting of palladium, platinum or an alloy of both. The hydrogen reducing fine particles are distributed in the capacitor paper in an amount between 0.1 and 1% by weight based on the weight of said capacitor paper.

Abstract: A digital signal processing apparatus is provided for identifying the octave, note and cent of a musical sound. The apparatus includes a transducer for converting the musical sound into an electrical signal, a plurality of digital detection units, each dedicated to a particular sub-scanning interval within an overall frequency interval to be scanned, receiving the electrical signal from the transducer, for determining the octave, note and cent of the musical sound by detecting a fundamental frequency of the electrical signal; and a display unit, responsive to the detection unit, for displaying the note as an alphanumeric character and the cent as a positive or negative decimal integral number from -49 to +50 with zero cents representing perfect concert pitch.

Abstract: An audio reactive display for generating a random light pattern.