Abstract: Sub-sets of switches are provided each having a number of switches directly related to an individual bit in a binary coded input word. Signals representing the individual bits are introduced to the switches in the different sub-sets to obtain switch conductivities in accordance with such binary bits. The switches are connected in a repetitive array to provide paths through the conductive ones of the switches. The switches are connected to output members and a line to introduce the current through the output members to the line in accordance with the pattern of switch conductivities. This provides for progressive increases in the number of the output members connected to the line, ad for a continued connection to the line of output members previously connected to the line, with progressive increases in the binary value. The cumulative current through the line is indicative of the analog value.

Abstract: A rectifier has a d.c. return terminal and two d.c. output terminals. The elements of the rectifier are connected so that d.c. currents through the output terminals are discontinuous and that the sum of these currents is continuous d.c. output. Switches are provided to connect the d.c. output terminals to a common supply terminal for a load, or to isolate the output termnals from each other and from the load.