Abstract: A grinding machine is shown as including a machine base, a wheel supported by the base and carrying a rotatable superabrasive grinding wheel, a device for relatively feeding the grinding wheel and a workpiece at a feed rate along a normal force vector between the two, and an apparatus for controlling the grinding processes. The apparatus further preferably includes a force transducer mounted adjacent the wheelhead to measure the magnitude of the normal force factor occurring between the wheel and the workpiece, as well as a control device for varying the feed rate and for determining the relative wheel sharpness based upon the feed rate and the measured normal forces. The feed rate can thereby be varied in response to the determined wheel sharpness to maintain a substantially constant normal force and to optimize the grinding process.

Abstract: The double-acting piston of a torque wrench has a piston rod, the free end of which receives a pin which is guided at each end in straight or curved guide channels in the wrench housing. The pin passes through drive shoes which are slidably received in slots at the upper end of a drive lever. As it reciprocates, the driver lever rotates a ratchet wheel, the ratchet wheel having a square central bore to receive a square drive shaft journaled in the housing. If the constant force is applied, the torque wrench provides a substantially constant torque, particularly if the guide channels are curved to compensate for frictional losses. The ratchet mechanism includes rollers which float between grooves in the ratchet wheel and sockets in the drive lever.

Abstract: The open-end wrench has a pair of jaws with parallel planar jaw surfaces. In each jaw surface is a configured notch having a planar drive surface, a clearance surface and a spacing surface between the drive surface and the clearance surface. The two clearance surfaces are on segments of a circle having a diameter greater than the across-corners dimension of the fastener to be tightened by the wrench. The distance between the planes of the driving surfaces is slightly greater than the across-sides dimension of the fastener. The spacing surface in each notch is a segment of a circle having a relatively small radius of curvature and is tangent to the associated clearance surface.