Abstract: A beam of coherent light is coupled into an array of light detectors using a beam splitter for dividing the beam into a probe beam and a pump beam and a spatial light modulator for varying the intensity of the probe beam in a first direction perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the beam. A photorefractive element is positioned to receive the modulated probe beam and the pump beam, the beans being oriented with respect to the photorefractive element and with respect to each other such that photorefractive two-wave mixing within the photorefractive element nonreciprocally transfers energy from the pump beam to the modulated probe beam, which is then detected by the detector array.

Abstract: An electrochromic transparency comprising an electrochromic film and an ion-conductive layer disposed between a pair of electrodes is disclosed wherein the optical properties and electrochromic efficiency are improved by means of a metal grid electrode.