Abstract: A method of making ductile cast iron with a matrix of acicular ferrite and bainite is disclosed. A melt by weight of 3.0-3.6% carbon, 3.5-5.0% silicon, 0.7-5.0% nickel, 0-0.3% Mo, >0.015% S, >0.06% P (remainder Fe) is subjected to a nodularizing agent and solidified. The iron is then heat treated by heating to 1575.degree.-1650.degree. F. for 1-3 hours, quenched to 400.degree.-775.degree. F. at a rate of at least 275.degree. F./min., held for 0.5-4 hours, and cooled to room temperature. The resulting ductile iron exhibits a yield strength of at least 80 ksi, a tensile strength of at least 140 ksi, elongation of at least 6%, and a hardness of at least 270 BHN.

Abstract: A method of producing a low carbon, low alloy, martensitic, cold-worked steel is disclosed. A low alloy steel is provided having the ability to form an essentially martensitic structure upon air cooling from a temperature above its A.sub.cl. The steel is austenitized and then air cooled to form a martensitic structure. The steel is tempered and then cold-worked to reduce its cross section by about 1/32 to 1/8 inch to increase its tensile and yield strengths while at least maintaining its tempered hardness.

Abstract: In a method for producing a cold-rolled steel sheet by continuously casting, hot-rolling, cold-rolling, and continuously annealing Al-killed steel, it is known to coil a hot-rolled strip at a coiling temperature of 630.degree. C. to 710.degree. C. so as to attain satisfactory precipitation of AlN in the hot-rolling step. When the direct-rolling of a continuously cast strand (DR method) is employed to produce a cold-rolled strip, it is impossible to attain satisfactory precipitation of AlN even by carrying out the known coiling method. The present invention is characterized in that an extremely high coiling temperature of at least 780.degree. C. is used to essentially prevent aging due to the precipitation of AlN, and, further, the carbon content of a continuously cast slab is 0.005% at the highest so as to essentially prevent the occurrence of orange peel. Heat conservation due to use of the DR method and excellent properties of the cold-rolled steel strip are simultaneously attained.

Abstract: A method of strengthening ferritic ductile iron castings while maintaining ductility at a high level is disclosed. An iron alloy melt is cast consisting essentially of by weight 3.9-6.0% Si, 3.0-3.5% C, 0.1-0.3% Mn, 0-0.35% Mo, at least 1.25% Ni, no greater than 0.015% S and 0.6% P, the remainder Fe, the melt having been subjected to a nodularizing agent to form graphite nodules upon solidification. The cast alloy is heat treated to provide a fully ferritic microstructure with 9-14% by volume graphite, a yield strength of at least 75,000 psi, a tensile strength of at least 95,000 psi, and an elongation of at least 17%.

Abstract: A method for postweld heat treatment (hereinafter referred to as PWHT) for multilayer welding, in which the terminating point of the PWHT is correctly judged to preclude cracking due to insufficient treatment or uneconomical excessive treatment, the method including the steps of determining the residual hydrogen concentration directly beneath the final welded layer immediately after completion of welding determining a crack-preventing critical hydrogen concentration to obtain a ratio of the critical hydrogen concentration to the residual hydrogen concentration determining the value of a product of a hydrogen diffusivity coefficient during the heat treatment and a holding time where a hydrogen concentration currently occurring in the heat treatment reaches the critical hydrogen concentration, on the basis of the relation of a ratio of the current hydrogen concentration to the residual hydrogen concentration and a sum of a parameter of hydrogen diffusion to be determined depending upon the welding conditions an

Abstract: The invention relates to a method of making steel bars and tubes with good mechanical characteristics.The process consists of manufacturing a low alloy steel containing 0.06 to 0.12% carbon as well as additions with well-determined contents of Si, Mn, Nb, Al, B and optionally V. The steel is used in a raw state of hot rolling, optionally followed by tempering.The bars and tubes obtained in this manner are used for applications in which it is necessary to have a high elastic limit associated with high resistance.

Abstract: A process of making aluminum killed, low manganese, deep drawing steel having a manganese content of up to 0.24%. The steel is hot rolled to hot band, cold rolled to final gauge, annealed and subjected to a small amount of temper rolling. In the annealing step, the steel is box annealed in coil form in such a manner that a coil cold spot temperature of at least about 1100.degree. F. (593.degree. C.) and below about 1250.degree. F. (677.degree. C.) is achieved.

Abstract: The present invention provides high tensile strength cold rolled steel sheets having excellent formability, which consist of 0.002-0.015% of C, not more than 1.2% of Si, 0.04-0.8% of Mn, 0.03-10% of P, 0.02-0.10% and not less than N%.times.4 of Al, C%.times.3-{C%.times.8+0.020%} of Nb and the remainder being substantially Fe, as the high tensile strength steel sheets which reduce the weight of automobiles and the like. The steel sheet is produced by hot rolling a steel slab having the above described composition to obtain a hot rolled coil, in the hot rolling the total reduction rate being at least 90%, the rolling speed in the finishing rolling being at least 40 m/min and the coiling-up temperature being at least 600.degree. C.; cold rolling the above described hot rolled coil in a conventional process to obtain a cold rolled steel strip having a final gauge; subjecting the above described cold rolled steel strip to a continuous annealing at a temperature of 700.degree.-900.degree. C.

Abstract: A copper-base shape-memory alloy having high resistance to fatigue failure as well as high ductility and, in particular, high deformability in the martensite phase is disclosed. The alloy consists essentially of 10-45% Zn, 1-10% Al, 0.05-2% Ti, 0.05-2% of one of Fe and Ni, the balance being Cu and incidental impurities, the percent being by weight.

Abstract: A hot-rolled high tensile titanium steel plate and production thereof are disclosed. The steel plate has improved toughness and cold formability and is made of a killed steel which consists essentially of:______________________________________ C: 0.05-0.20 wt %, Si: not more than 1.2 wt %, Mn: 0.5-2.0 wt %, Ti: 0.04-0.20 wt %, P: not more than 0.025 wt %, S: not more than 0.015 wt %, sol. Al: 0.005-0.15 wt %, O: not more than 0.0080 wt %, N: not more than 0.0080 wt %, B: 0-0.0030 wt %, Cr: 0-1.0 wt %, Ca: 0-0.010 wt %, ______________________________________the balance being Fe and incidental impurities, the Ti content comprising not less than 0.02 wt % of incoherently precipitated Ti and not more than 0.015 wt % of coherently precipitated Ti, and said killed steel containing 20 to 90% by volume of a bainitic structure and not less than 10% by volume of a ferritic structure.

Abstract: A steel product, particularly a heavy-duty gear, having a case of martensite and a core of lower bainite with a Vickers hardness of not less than Hv 600 is obtained by subjecting a medium carbon alloy steel comprising, by weight, 0.45 to 0.60% C, up to 0.50 Si, 0.40 to 1.30% Mn, up to 4.00 Ni, 0.35 to 0.55% Cr, up to 0.70 Mo, balance Fe and incidental impurities to a carbonitriding treatment at a temperature of 800.degree. to 900.degree. C., austempering the carboritrided steel by quenching it in a hot bath of 230.degree. to 300.degree. C. and retaining the steel in the hot bath of the aforementioned temperature for a suitable duration enough to transform the core of the steel into lower bainite and not enough to cause any transformation of the case of the steel, and subsequently cooling the steel.

Abstract: This invention provides an economic copper-nickel alloy having high strength and high conductivity for lead conductor materials and/or lead frames for transistors, integrated circuits, and the like. The copper alloy comprises a composite of copper and inexpensive elements comprising 3.0% by weight nickel; from 0.01 to 1.0% by weight silicon; and from 0.01 to 0.1% by weight phosphorus. In one preferred embodiment a specific weight % of iron is also added. Still further, an improved method is provided for fabricating the alloy according to a specific series and sequence of steps, including steps at specific conditions and for specific times, for providing precipitation hardening. Other advantageous properties comprise desirable elongation.

Abstract: A ferritic stainless steel having excellent formability, for example, in a deep drawing procedure, contains 0.04 to 0.1 weight % of C, 1.0 weight % or less of Si, 0.75 weight % or less of Mn, 10 to 30 weight % of Cr, 0.5 weight % or less of Ni, 0.025 weight % or les of N, 2 to 30 ppm of boron, and optionally, 0.005 to 0.4 weight % of an additional alloy component consisting of Al and, further optionally, a further additional alloy component consisting of at least one member selected from 0.005 to 0.6 weight % of Ti, 0.005 to 0.4 weight % of Nb, V, and Zr, 0.02 to 0.50 weight % of Cu, and 0.05 weight % or less of Ca and Ce, the sum of the contents of C and N being 0.0502 weight % or more.

Abstract: The retention of the beta brass phase structure (body-centered cubic) as gold atoms (molars) are substituted for copper atoms. Thus essentially the useful physical and working properties of the beta brasses are retained (hot forgeability, castability, some ductility etc.). As to chemical behavior, there is a definite nobleization effect of the beta brasses, i.e. all gold-containing beta golds are more tarnish resistant than the beta brasses, and the nobleization increases with gold content. However, of most importance from a commercial point of view, is that the low kt beta golds (4-kt, 6-kt) are more tarnish resistant than the 10-kt conventional jewelry alloys, and equal to those of 14-kt gold. In essence there is a tarnish resistance enhancement in going from alpha structure to beta structure kt for kt, in the jewelry range. Other noble metals (Pd, Pt, Ru, Rh, Os, Ir and Ag) may be used singly or in combinations with, or in lieu of, the gold.

Abstract: Through-nitrided light gage ferritic stainless steels having a dispersion of metal-nitride particles at an interparticle spacing of less than about 10 microns. The resulting material has substantially improved strength at room and elevated temperatures over conventional ferritic stainless steels, exhibits ductility markedly above that commonly associated with nitrided articles, and is stronger than conventional 18Cr-8Ni austenitic stainless steel (T-304) for prolonged service above about 1400.degree. F. The nitriding is accomplished with atomic nitrogen at 1500.degree.-1800.degree. F. followed by heating to above 1800.degree. F. in a non-oxidizing atmosphere to remove excess nitrides.

Abstract: A stabilized ferritic stainless steel is wettable by brazing materials used at temperatures of from 2000.degree. F. to 2100.degree. F. The steel consists essentially of, by weight, 10.5% to 13.5% chromium, up to 0.1% carbon, up to 0.05% nitrogen, up to about 0.

Abstract: A method for nitriding materials using a glow discharge in an atmosphere of nitrogen or gas mixture at a pressure between 1 . . . 100 mtorr (0.13 . . . 13.3 Pa). Nitriding treatment can be combined with a plasma aided coating process and the temperature control during both processes can be achieved with the aid of separate filament. Nitriding unit can be a separate rig or a part of the coating unit. The method can be used to increase the wear resistance of a work piece by increasing the hardness of its surface. Because of the low pressure used in the nitriding process the same equipment can be used to produce a separate hard and wear resistant compound or alloy coating on the nitrided surface to further increase the hardness of the uppermost surface. The main field of the method is in increasing the wear and corrosion resistance of machine parts and tools.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for compensating for axial deformation of screw shafts due to heat treatment, wherein in the process of hardening of a screw shaft, the screw shaft is twisted to produce permanent twist deformation by an amount corresponding to the pitch error of the screw shaft caused by hardening, so as to correct the pitch error.

Abstract: A method of continuously casting a molten metal in a casting means to obtain a solidified cast bar at a hot-forming temperature, passing the cast metal at a hot-forming temperature from the casting means to a hot-forming means, and hot forming the cast bar into a wrought product by a two-stage reduction of its cross-sectional area while it is still at a hot-forming temperature, including, in the first stage, the step of forming a substantially uniform subgrain or cell structure in the outer surface layers of the cast bar by a selected small amount of deformation of the cast bar in its as-cast condition prior to the second stage in which substantial reduction of its cross-sectional area forms the wrought product.

Abstract: A specific material system for bimetallic products is produced by diffusion bonding an age-hardenable low alloy steel with austenitic stainless steel at an elevated temperature, followed by a two step austenitizing and aging process. The resulting material combination is characterized by desirably metallurgical and structural properties in the low alloy steel component and by high corrosion resistance in the stainless steel component with virtual elimination of detrimental carbon migration across the diffusion bond from the low alloy steel to the austenitic steel.