Abstract: There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having drum shape, the electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outer surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has wrinkles, and when an observation region having square form with one side of 100 ?m is placed at an arbitrary position on the outer surface, a line that passes through a central point of the observation region and is parallel to a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as a first reference line L1, and 3,599 reference lines obtained by rotating the first reference line L1 at every 0.1° around the central point are defined as L2 to L3,600, respectively, each of L1 to L3,600 intersects with convex portions of the wrinkles at a plurality of locations and has at least two different intersection angles selected from the plurality of locations.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a three-dimensional object operates components in an additive manufacturing system with reference to a difference between quantifications identified for different properties of at least two materials in a same layer. The method enables the layer to be formed with compensation for the differences in the quantifications of the properties of the two materials.

Abstract: A magenta toner is provided. The magenta toner comprises toner particles each comprising a binder resin and a colorant. From 1.0% to 25.0% by number of the toner particles have a CH rate of 25.0% or more in absolute value. The CH rate is calculated from the following formula (1): CH rate(%)=[(In?Iave)/Iave]×100??Formula (1) where, in a Raman spectrum of each toner particle, In represents an integrated intensity within a wavenumber region of from 2,750 to 3,250 cm?1 when an intensity at a wavenumber ? within a wavenumber region of from 1,200 to 3,250 cm?1 is s normalized to 1, where a total intensity of all the toner particles is maximum at the wavenumber ?; and Iave represents an average of the In.

Abstract: A resin fine particle includes a polyester resin; and a basic dye, in which a volume average particle diameter of the resin fine particle is 0.05 ?m or more and 1 ?m or less, and a ratio of a concentration of the basic dye in a center of gravity portion of the resin fine particle to a concentration of the basic dye in a surface layer portion having a depth of 10 nm or less from a surface of the resin fine particle is 0.8 or more.

Abstract: The toner has a toner matrix particle containing a crystalline polyester resin. Associated silica including two or more of primary particles is present on the surface of the toner matrix particle. The coverage with associated silica onto the toner matrix particle is 1% or more to 30% or less, and the adherence strength of associated silica to the toner matrix particle is 20% or more to 90% or less.

Abstract: An electrostatic charge image developing carrier, containing: a magnetic particle; and a resin coating layer that coats the magnetic particle and contains inorganic particles, and the electrostatic charge image developing carrier has a surface roughness satisfying a ratio B/A of a surface area B to a plan view area A of 1.020 or more and 1.100 or less, the plan view area A and the surface area B being obtained by three-dimensional analysis of the surface, and the magnetic particle has a surface roughness satisfying 0.5 ?m?Sm?2.5 ?m and 0.3 ?m?Ra?1.2 ?m, and Sm represents an average ruggedness interval and Ra represents an arithmetic average surface roughness.

Abstract: A toner includes polyolefin and has an exothermic peak in a range from 40° C. to 70° C. in a cooling process of the polyolefin by the DSC after a first heating process of the polyolefin by DSC. The polyolefin does not have an exothermic peak in the cooling process of the polyolefin by the DSC after the first heating process of the polyolefin by the DSC, and has an exothermic peak in a range from 0° C. to 30° C. in a second heating process of the polyolefin by the DSC.

Abstract: Materials directed to a photosensitive material and a method of performing a lithography process using the photosensitive material are described. A semiconductor substrate is provided. A first layer including a floating additive is formed over the semiconductor substrate. A second layer including an additive component having a metal cation is formed over the first layer. One or more bonds are formed to bond the metal cation and one or more anions. Each of the one or more anions is one of a protecting group and a polymer chain bonding component. The polymer chain bonding component is bonded to a polymer chain of the layer. The second layer is exposed to a radiation beam.

Abstract: A method for producing a carrier for electrostatic charge image development includes coating magnetic particles by adding the magnetic particles and a coating liquid containing a resin and a solvent to a mixer with a stirring blade to form a resin coating layer on surfaces of the magnetic particles and taking a carrier having the resin coating layer out of the mixer. In the coating, the stirring conditions after the solvent is evaporated and dried by heating in the mixer until the carrier is taken out of the mixer satisfy Formula 1 below and Formula 2 below: 0.2?peripheral speed ?Dn (m/s) of stirring blade?2.

Abstract: A fluorescent yellow toner including a core comprising a first solvent yellow 160-incorporated amorphous polyester; a second solvent yellow 160-incorporated amorphous polyester; wherein the first amorphous polyester and the second amorphous polyester are different; and a crystalline polyester; a shell disposed over the core, the shell comprising at least one amorphous polyester; wherein the toner provides printed images having an L* value of greater than 90, an a* value of from about less than ?40 to about ?20, and a b*value of greater than 75. A process of printing the fluorescent yellow toner.

Abstract: An electrostatic charge image developing carrier contains a magnetic particle and a resin coating layer coating the magnetic particle, in which the resin coating layer contains inorganic particles, a ratio B/A of a surface area B of the carrier to a plan view area A of the carrier that are obtained by three-dimensional analysis of a surface of the carrier is 1.020 or more and 1.100 or less, a volume average particle diameter of the magnetic particle is 25 ?m or more and 34 ?m or less, and a fluidity of the magnetic particle is 28 s/50 g or more and 36 s/50 g or less.

Abstract: Provided is a flexographic printing plate precursor which can suppress chipping of relief images while maintaining printing properties. The flexographic printing plate precursor (10) includes a photosensitive layer (16) which includes (A) a water-dispersed latex, (B) a millable rubber, (C) a surfactant, (D) photopolymerizable compounds, and (E) a photopolymerization initiator, the (D) including the following (d1) to (d3). (d1) is a photopolymerizable compound of a chain structure having no cyclic structure, (d2) is a monofunctional photopolymerizable compound having a cyclic structure, and (d3) is a bifunctional photopolymerizable compound having a cyclic structure.

Abstract: Provided is toner which has good low-temperature fixability, shelf stability and hot offset resistance, and which suppresses a decrease in glossiness of an image. The toner comprising colored resin particles containing a binder resin, a colorant, a softening agent and a charge control agent, and an external additive, wherein a glass transition temperature (Tg) specified from a temperature dependence curve of a loss tangent (tan ?) obtained by dynamic viscoelastic measurement of the toner, is 50° C. or more and less than 90° C.; the loss tangent (tan ?) at the glass transition temperature (Tg) is 1.70 or less; in a temperature range of 90° C. or more and 160° C. or less, a lowest temperature (Ta) with a loss tangent of 1.50 is more than 95° C. and less than 145° C.; and a storage elastic modulus (G?) at the lowest temperature (Ta) is less than 56000 Pa.

Abstract: Provided an electrophotographic electro-conductive member that can stably suppress an occurrence of fogging in an electrophotographic image. The member comprises a support having an electro-conductive outer surface, and an electro-conductive layer on the outer surface of the support, the electro-conductive layer having a matrix including a cross-linked product of a first rubber, and domains dispersed in the matrix, the domains each includes a cross-linked product of a second rubber and an electro-conductive particle, at least some of the domains is exposed to the outer surface of the electro-conductive member to constitute protrusions on an outer surface of the member, the outer surface of the electro-conductive member is constituted by the matrix and the domains exposed to the outer surface of the electrophotographic electro-conductive member, the electrophotographic electro-conductive member has an impedance of 1.0×103? or more and 1.0×108? or less, and some of the domains satisfy two specific requirements.

Abstract: A toner comprising a toner particle that comprises a toner base particle and an outermost layer present on the toner base particle surface, the toner base particle containing a binder resin wherein a plurality of concave portions are formed on the toner particle surface, and when T (nm) is an average thickness of the outermost layer in analysis of a cross section of the toner particle as observed with TEM, and a (nm) is a long diameter, b (nm) is a short diameter and d (nm) is a depth of each of the concave portions, respectively, when the concave portions on the toner particle are measured by using SPM from an outermost surface of the outermost layer toward the toner particle center, when “n” represents a number of the concave portions that satisfy specific relationships per 1 ?m2 of the toner particle surface is 30 to 200.

Abstract: An electrostatic image developer includes a toner including toner particles that include a binder resin and a release agent and have an exposure ratio of the release agent of 15% or more and 30% or less, and a carrier including magnetic particles and resin cover layers covering the magnetic particles and including inorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles have an arithmetic average particle size of 5 nm or more and 90 nm or less, the resin cover layers have an average thickness of 0.6 ?m or more and 1.4 ?m or less, and a fine-irregularity-structure surface roughness of surfaces of the carrier three-dimensionally analyzed has, in an analysis region, a ratio B/A of an irregularity-surface area B to a plan-view area A of 1.020 or more and 1.100 or less.

Abstract: The present invention provides a toner that can maintain excellent transferability even when a transfer bias is low. The toner includes a toner particle that includes a toner base particle and a plurality of convex portions X existing on a surface of the toner base particle, wherein the convex portion X contains an organic silicon polymer; when a cross-section of the toner is observed with a scanning transmission electron microscope (STEM), and the convex portions X comprise a plurality of convex portions Y each having a convex height H of 40 nm or higher, a number ratio P (H/w) of the a number of the convex portions Y2 in which a ratio (H/w) of the convex height H to the convex width w is 0.33 or larger and 0.80 or smaller is 70% by number or more with respect to a total number of the convex portions Y.

Abstract: Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an electroconductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer, wherein the protection layer contains electroconductive particles, a content of the electroconductive particles in the protection layer is 40 to 70 vol %, and a volume resistivity of the protection layer is 1.0×109 to 1.0×1014 ?·cm.

Abstract: The peak top molecular weight of the tetrahydrofuran-soluble component of the toner, as measured by gel permeation chromatography, is 4,000 or more and 6,500 or less. The tetrahydrofuran-insoluble component of the toner is 10% by weight or more and 30% by weight or less. When the endothermic peak temperature T1 in the heating process and the exothermic peak temperature T2 during the cooling process originating from the ester wax is measured using a differential scanning calorimeter, the value T1-T2 is 15° C. or more and 30° C. or less.

Abstract: A method of managing a critical dimension error includes (i) defining, in a photomask, N openings having a width, where N is a natural number, (ii) using graphs for each of the N openings, each of the graphs being obtained by setting locations through an opening of the N openings as a first axis and an intensity of transmitting light as a second axis, obtaining ILSi proportional to an inclination of a tangent to a graph of the graphs at a location corresponding to an edge of an opening and Ii which is an intensity of transmitting light at the location, where i is a natural number from 1 to N, (iii) obtaining, with respect to each of the N openings, a real width CDi of the openings, and (iv) when I a ? v ? e = 1 N ? ? i = 1 N ? I i , CD a ? v ? e = 1 N ? ? i = 1 N ? CD i ? ? and ? ? ILS a ? v ? e = 1 N ? ? i = 1 N ? ILS i , obtaining AIMEEFi which is an aerial image mask error enhancement factor with respect to each of the N openings accordi