Abstract: Break down of waste materials such as animal parts is carried out by pyrolysis, gasification and combustion using a reactor vessel with a conical lower portion located within an exterior vessel. Feed material is deposited in continuous mode through an air lock at the top and falls by gravity alone into the lower cone portion. The cone geometry supports organic feedstocks, eliminating the requirement for grates or other combustion support systems. Organic material that may escape gasification and exit the bottom of the cone accumulates within the ash and carbon particle volume until burned. Carbon is sequestered from high energy feedstocks and is stored in a chamber below the gasification cone. This carbon supplements the energy output of lower energy feedstocks to maintain desired operating temperatures at all times.

Abstract: This invention is to a process for separating condensed water and entrained solids from an olefin stream so that fouling of the separation equipment by the entrained solids is reduced or eliminated. The process involves injecting an antifouling agent into a water condensing or quench system in an amount to maintain a zeta potential of fouling liquid and a zeta potential of the surface of the quench system both in a positive range or both in a negative range.

Abstract: The present invention relates to processes for fluidizing a population of catalyst particles that are depleted of catalyst fines. In one embodiment, the process includes providing a plurality of catalyst particles in the reactor, wherein the catalyst particles have a d2 value of greater than about 40 microns. The catalyst particles are contacted with a fluidizing medium under conditions effective to cause the catalyst particles to behave in a fluidized manner and form a fluidized bed. The particles are contacted with one or more primary obstructing members while in the fluidized bed. By fluidizing the catalyst particles in this manner, the catalyst particles can be maintained at an axial gas Peclet number of from about 10 to about 20.

Abstract: A process for increasing ethylene yield in a cracked hydrocarbon is provided. A hydrocarbon feed stream comprising at least 90% by weight of one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons can be heated to provide an effluent stream comprising at least 10% by weight propylene. The effluent stream can be selectively separated to provide a first stream comprising heavy naphtha, light cycle oil, slurry oil, or any combination thereof and a second stream comprising one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons. The second stream can be treated to remove oxygenates, acid gases, water, or any combination thereof to provide a third stream comprising the one or more C4-C10 hydrocarbons. The third stream can be selectively separated to provide a product stream comprising at least 30% by weight propylene. At least a portion of the product stream can be recycled to the hydrocarbon feed stream to increase ethylene yield in the effluent stream.

Abstract: The present invention provides a reactor design that enables an auto-thermal cracking process to be conducted at any suitable pressure wherein the gaseous reactants are preheated separately before mixing and then presented to the reaction zone in a uniformly distributed manner.

Abstract: A process is described for the extractive oxidation of contaminants present in raw fuel streams rich in heteroatomic polar compounds and catalyzed by iron oxides contained in natural limonitic goethite, said process comprising contacting said streams with an oxidation pair which is a peroxide in solution/organic acid in amount of at least 3 and an amount between 0.01 and 10 wt % of an iron oxide, both based on the feed, the iron oxide being made up of a reduced natural limonitic goethite. The goethite reduction by a hydrogen stream has the advantage of lowering the migration of non-contaminating polar hydrocarbons from the fuel stream to the aqueous phase, at the same time obtaining higher mass yield of final product fuel while the level of target contaminants to be removed is maintained relative to the state-of-the-art process. Process yields attain 98% weight/weight.

Abstract: The sulfur content of liquid cracking products, especially the cracked gasoline, of the catalytic cracking process is reduced by the use of a sulfur reduction catalyst composition comprising a porous molecular sieve which contains a metal in an oxidation state above zero within the interior of the pore structure of the sieve as well as a cerium component which enhances the stability and sulfur reduction activity of the catalyst. The molecular sieve is normally a faujasite such as USY. The primary sulfur reduction component is normally a metal of Period 3 of the Periodic Table, preferably vanadium. The sulfur reduction catalyst may be used in the form of a separate particle additive or as a component of an integrated cracking/sulfur reduction catalyst.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a method and a plant for producing low 15 temperature coke, in which granular coal and possibly further solids are heated to a temperature of 700 to 1050° C. in a fluidized-bed reactor (2) by means of an oxygen-containing gas. To improve the utilization of energy it is proposed to introduce a first gas or gas mixture from below through at least one gas supply tube (3) into a mixing chamber region (8) of the reactor (2), the gas supply tube (3) being at least partly surrounded by a stationary annular fluidized bed (6) which is fluidized by supplying fluidizing gas. The gas velocities of the first gas or gas mixture and of the fluidizing gas for the annular fluidized bed (6) are adjusted such that the Particle-Froude-Numbers in the gas supply tube (3) are between 1 and 100, in the annular fluidized bed (6) between 0.02 and 2 and in the 25 mixing chamber (8) between 0.3 and 30.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for removing water from an alkylation process system using a water removal column to remove water from a re-run column (catalyst regeneration column) overhead stream.

Abstract: A method which controls sedimentation occurring at a heat exchanger for cooling hydrodesulfurization/hydrocracking residue containing asphaltenes at a high content and thereby prevents fouling of the heat exchanger is disclosed. A method for preventing fouling of a heat exchanger for cooling hydrodesulfurization/hydrocracking residue, which injects flux oil into hydrodesulfurization/hydrocracking residue containing asphaltenes at 1% by mass or more, wherein the flux oil is at least one species of residue selected from the group consisting of crude vacuum distillation residue and fluidized catalytic cracking residue, and injected into the hydrodesulfurization/hydrocracking residue to control its actual sediment content at 0.2% by mass or less, determined in accordance with IP-375 is also disclosed.

Abstract: The instant invention is directed to a process wherein a heavy oil feedstock upgrader alters its mode of operation of its full conversion hydroprocessing unit to create a custom tailored synthetic crude feedstock based upon data communicated from a target refinery and data communicated from the heavy oil feedstock upgrader. The data from the target refinery is data that represents refining process data and linear program modeling along with analysis by a refining planner to calculate the optimum “synthetic trim crude” that will optimize the effective use of the target refinery's capacity and equipment.

Abstract: Reactive phosphorus species can be removed or transferred from a hydrocarbon phase to a water phase in an emulsion breaking process by using a composition that contains water-soluble hydroxyacids. Suitable water-soluble hydroxyacids include, but are not necessarily limited to glycolic acid, gluconic acid, C2-C4 alpha-hydroxy acids, poly-hydroxy carboxylic acids, thioglycolic acid, chloroacetic acid, polymeric forms of the above hydroxyacids, poly-glycolic esters, glycolate ethers, and ammonium salt and alkali metal salts of these hydroxyacids, and mixtures thereof. The composition may optionally include a mineral acid to reduce the pH of the desalter wash water. A solvent may be optionally included in the composition. The invention permits transfer of reactive phosphorus species into the aqueous phase with little or no hydrocarbon phase undercarry into the aqueous phase. The composition is particularly useful in treating crude oil emulsions, and in removing calcium and other metals therefrom.

Abstract: A method for upgrading the viscoelastic properties of a heavy oil by altering its elastic modulus. An effective amount of one or more elastic modulus lowering agents are used, wherein preferred elastic modulus lowering agents include mineral and organic acids and bases, preferably strong bases, such as hydroxides of metals selected from the alkali and alkaline-earth metals.

Abstract: The present invention is a process for producing phenyl-alkanes by paraffin adsorptive separation followed by paraffin dehydrogenation and then by alkylation of a phenyl compound by a lightly branched olefin. The adsorptive separation step employs a silicalite adsorbent and, as the desorbent, a C5-C8 linear paraffin, a C5-C8 cycloparaffin, a branched paraffin such as isooctane, or mixtures thereof. The effluent of the alkylation zone comprises paraffins that are recycled to the adsorptive separation step or to the dehydrogenation step. This invention is also a process that that sulfonates phenyl-alkanes having lightly branched aliphatic alkyl groups that to produce modified alkylbenzene sulfonates. In addition, this invention is the compositions produced by these processes, which can be used as detergents having improved cleaning effectiveness in hard and/or cold water while also having biodegradability comparable to that of linear alkylbenzene sulfonates, as lubricants, and as lubricant additives.

Abstract: The invention relates to a catalyst including at least one hydro-dehydrogenating element chosen from the group formed by the group VIB and group VIII elements of the periodic table and a substrate based on a silica-alumina matrix with a reduced content of macropores containing a quantity greater than 5% by weight and less than or equal to 95% by weight of silica (SiO2) and based on at least one zeolite. The invention also relates to a substrate based on a silica-alumina matrix with a reduced content of macropores containing a quantity greater than 5% by weight and less than or equal to 95% by weight of silica (SiO2) and based on at least one zeolite. The invention also relates to hydrocracking and/or hydroconversion processes and hydrotreating processes utilizing a catalyst according to the invention.

Abstract: A process for continuous heterogeneously catalyzed partial dehydrogenation of at least one hydrocarbon to be dehydrogenated in a reactor which is manufactured from a steel with specific elemental composition on its side in contact with the reaction gas, and also partial oxidations of the dehydrogenated hydrocarbon and the reactor itself.

Abstract: The invention concerns methods and systems for minimizing back-mixing of feedstock flow in converting oxygenates to olefins. In one embodiment, back-mixing is reduced by providing a reactor that includes baffles to reduce the hydraulic diameter of at least a portion of the reactor. Some or all of the baffles can also serve as cooling tubes for reducing temperature gradients in the reactor, and thereby maximize light olefin production.

Abstract: A process for the selective hydrodesulfurization of a naphtha containing olefins and organosulfur compounds is disclosed, which minimizes the hydrogenation of the olefins and results in a product with a low sulfur content. The process involves a two-stage hydrodesulfurization with H2S removed from the first stage effluent. A flow of hydrogen and at least one added non-reactive compound is fed into the first stage, wherein the H2 molar fraction ranges from 0.2 to 1.0, and with H2S at the reactor intake limited to a maximum of 0.1% by volume. The second stage involves a feedstream of hydrogen and at least one added non-reactive compound, wherein the H2 molar fraction ranges from 0.2 to 0.7 and with H2S at the reactor intake limited to a maximum of 0.05% by volume.

Abstract: Contact of a crude feed with one or more catalysts produces a total product that includes a crude product. The crude feed may include at least 0.1 grams of vacuum gas oil per gram of crude feed. The crude product is a liquid mixture at 25° C. and 0.101 MPa. The crude product may have a vacuum gas oil content of about 30% to about 70% of the vacuum gas oil content of the crude feed. One or more other properties of the crude product may be changed by at least 10% relative to the respective properties of the crude feed.

Abstract: This disclosure discusses integrating syngas streams with refinery hydrotreators, synthetic hydrocarbon gas to liquid (GTL) processes, and power generation units (such as combined cycle units) to efficiently use hydrogen contained in the syngas produced from heavy hydrocarbons (pet coke, residues, oil, etc.). Membrane separation and pressure swing adsorption is used to separate components of syngas and feed them to refineries, GTL units, and power/steam generation units. Hydrogen-rich refinery purge is used to raise the H2/CO ratio of syngas. A hydrogen-enriched syngas is produced with an H2/CO ratio favorable for the production on synthetic hydrocarbons (greater than about 1.5 to about 2.0 or higher). Pure hydrogen is also produced in a PSA unit, to further raise the H2/CO ratio of the syngas and provide hydrogen feed for refinery hydrotreators and synthetic hydrocarbon units (such as methanol units).