Abstract: The force measuring apparatus includes a single-mode optical fiber having a defined anisotropy, whereby coherent light suppled to one end of the optical fiber is guided as two waves having linear orthogonal polarizations, respectively. The optical fiber is arranged between a pair of parallel planar pressure plates, the orientation of the optical fiber being such that the aforementioned linear polarizations are parallel with and normal to the remote surfaces of the pressure plates, respectively. Upon the application of a force to be measured in the compressive direction normal to one remote surface of a plate, a phase shift is produced between the waves which is a function of the magnitude of the load to be measured, as determined by interferometer means arranged at the other end of the optical fiber.

Abstract: An adaptable, accurate, high resolution centrifuge core measuring method using a single strobe flash per measurement uses a microprocessor controller to control the measuring method, not a computer. The controller, not the camera clock, decides when the camera data should be read. The camera data is read into and stored in the controller, not a computer. The controller reads the camera array, controls centrifuge speed, determines alignment of the proper catch tube, flashes the strobe, determines lapse time, rereads the pixels, stores and analyzes the pixel information and the other steps of the method. The controller is capable of operating in many modes. But at any point, for operator intervention the controller is adapted to let the computer intervene.

Abstract: A take-up strip is applied to the element to be investigated, (for example the skin or the hair of a living subject), for a given time and with a given pressure; the side of this strip intended to come into contact with the element to be investigated is matt; the quantity of light reflected by the matt side of the strip is measured before and after impregnation with the greasy product: the quantity of the greasy product located on the surface of the element investigated is derived from the reflection measurement. The detection means is constituted by a phototransistor whose output signal is processed by an analog/digital converter associated with a programmable computer; the strip is disposed on a displaceable support. The reflection reading all along the strip gives a brightness curve in accordance with the location on the strip. For the hair, this curve reflects the greasy aspect from the root to its tip.

Abstract: An inspection device for visually ascertaining the desired alignment of a contact lens in a tinting fixture comprises a base and a platform having a flat surface and mounted to the base for rotation relative thereto. The device also includes an arrangement for mounting the fixture for rotation in unison with the platform and for aligning the fixture relative to the platform flat surface in such a way as to maintain the contact lens in an alignment wherein substantially the entire peripheral edge thereof is located in a plane substantially parallel to the platform flat surface, if the contact lens is in the proper desired alignment in the tinting fixture, and such that the tinting fixture is centered relative to the center of rotation of the platform.

Abstract: A method is disclosed for calibrating an optical measuring system (14, 18, 0, 22) of the type which reproducibly projects a beam of light (16) over an extended period of time. The deviation between an incident beam and a rerflected beam is measured on both sides (30, 32) of a parallel-sided calibration mirror (28).

Abstract: A simple inexpensive gloss measurement device which makes use of the measment of a maximum angle of view of a clear reflection to obtain a measurement of gloss, consists of an instrument of L-shaped configuration with one or more small images (e.g., hollow squares) on the lower portion of the shorter arm and a graduated scale along edges of the longer arm. The device is placed on a coated surface to be measured, with the images close to the surface of the coating. The highest angle of view at which reflection of the images on the coating can be clearly recognized is noted on the graduated scale as a measure of the gloss of the coating.

Abstract: A vertical beam spectrophotometer for measuring the light absorption of an assay prepared using standard wet chemistry procedures and conventional solid phase coated bead technology is disclosed. The spectrophotometer measures the absorption of the assay in a conventional reaction cuvette with the bead remaining in the cuvette. The light source of the spectrophotometer illuminates the bead, which diffuses the light into the surrounding assay solution. A lense projects the diffused light onto a photocell which converts it into an electrical signal having magnitude related to the light absorption of the assay. The signal is processed in a known manner by conventional processing circuitry to obtain an absorption value.

Abstract: A method and apparatus are disclosed for determining the volume and hemoglobin concentration of an isovolumetrically sphered red cell by passing the cell through a beam of monochromatic light to produce one forward light scattering pattern, and measuring the forward light-scattering pattern at two selected angular intervals to generate signals S1 and S2, respectively. The first angular interval is selected to span the angular region within which the first maxima of the light scattering patterns of the cells having volumes in the physiological range are expected to fall. The second angular interval is selected which begins above the upper limit of the first angular interval and below the second maximum of the scattering pattern of the cell having the largest volume in the physiological range and which extends to an angle at which the secondary maxima are reduced substantially to zero in comparison to the magnitude of the first maximum.

Abstract: An optical apparatus for precisely measuring the dimensions of an object comprises an objective lens for forming an enlarged image of the object, a screen member onto which the enlarged image by the objective lens is projected and which is movable in a direction parallel to one direction on the image plane of the enlarged image, the screen member including a slit formed perpendicularly to the one direction, and a reflecting surface which is provided in an area including the surroundings of the slit and onto which the enlarged image is projected, observation optical means for observing therethrough the enlarged image on the reflecting surface, the observation optical means having a relay lens, and a field lens provided in opposed relationship with the reflecting surface of the screen member, the imaging light beam of the object from the objective lens passing through the field lens onto the reflecting surface of the screen member, the imaging light beam of the object reflected by the reflecting surface of the

Abstract: An optical surface profile measuring device adapted to be able to simultaneously or substantially simultaneously measure a same part on the surface of an object to be measured with two different measuring ranges by combining a surface profile measuring device of a high resolving power using the critical angle method with a surface profile measuring device having a wide measuring range using the astigmatism method, in order to facilitate the setting of a detecting head within a measuring range while maintaining a high resolving power and to enable to measure automatically regardless of the state of the measured surface.

Abstract: A method, and a device for practicing the method, for marking the configuration of a vehicle-mounted mirror which has initially been set to a desired perspective, thus enabling a single, unaided person within reach of a misaligned mirror to quickly and reliably readjust it to reproduce the previously marked perspective even though that desired perspective cannot be viewed from the adjuster's position.

Abstract: Lens meter and method of measurement of progressive multifocal lens using the same which is able to set the amount of movement of the lens and to simply position a far- or near-distance refraction characteristics-measuring portion of a progressive multifocal lens. In accordance with the method the optical center of a lens is first found from measurement employing the lens and using the optical center as point of origin, the lens is moved by a distance up to the far-distance refraction characteristics measuring portion and the near-distance refraction characteristics measuring portion of the lens mentioned by the lens manufacturer, so as to effect alignment with the measurement optical axis of the lens meter, thereby measuring the refraction characteristics of each measuring portion.

Abstract: A laser beam from a source 20 is used to provide a reference in space adjacent a portion of a structure movements of which are monitored. The beam is received by a receiver 30. A number of targets 300 may be mounted to move with parts of the structure extending alongside the beam path. Target constructions (FIGS. 6-8) are described which allow for normal passage of the beam past the target but which enable the position of the beam relative to a given target to be measured by intercepting the beam. In a variation (FIG. 13) for civil engineering use, a single target is selectively mountable to one of a number of supports. Another variation (FIG. 11) uses graduated mesh targets on which the beam impinges on each mesh but is also transmitted through the mesh. Dynamic movement of a part of structure such as a bridge is measured with a single target attached to the part in question and comprising a barred reflective assembly (FIG. 3), a fibre optic array (FIG. 4) or a position sensing photo-diode (FIG. 5).

Abstract: In a transmissivity inspection apparatus, laser beam is radiated onto an object to be inspected. Irregularly reflected laser light components produced from the object are detected by a photoelectric converter element. The transmissivity of the object with respect to the laser beam is inspected by a discriminator, based on a specific pattern of the irregularly reflected laser light components detected by the photoelectric converter element. The specific pattern of a transparent substance differs from that of a nontransparent substance, thereby to discriminate the nontransparent substance from the transparent substance.

Abstract: A method is indicated for the contactless measurement of the relative movement of an object (14) relative to a scannable pattern (12), a scanning beam (31) being generated which scans a portion of pattern which moves with the object along a scanning path on the pattern in order to produce a scanning signal.

Abstract: An inventive headlight optical axis aiming measuring apparatus and method is disclosed. The apparatus includes a head measuring horizontal and vertical inclinations of a front lens surface (34) of a headlight (12) installed in a vehicle (2) and including a plurality of contact-type displacement sensors (48, 49, 50, 51), each of which is associated with a device (28, 29, 30) in contact with the front lens surface (34) and moving in accordance with the inclinations of the front lens surface (34), a support (15) for the displacement sensors (48, 49, 50, 51), and device for checking the headlight optical axis aiming in accordance with a fixed relationship between inclinations of a headlight optical axis and the front lens surface (34) by means of outputs of the measuring head (9). In accordance with this invention, the headlight need ot come on and a large space is not required for projecting the headlight beam onto a screen.

Abstract: Light reflecting means 2R and 2L provided on both sides of a road 1 each reflect an incident light at the same angle as the angle of incidence with respect to the plane of incidence. Lights 8R and 8L emitted from a moving vehicle 3 are reflected from the light reflecting means 2R and 2L and returned again to the light emitting source and accordingly they are detected by light receivers 75R and 75L. The position of the moving vehicle 3 is calculated geometrically based on the moving distance of the moving vehicle 3 in a period obtained from the difference between the light receiving time of the light receiver 75R and that of the light receiver 75L or the light receiving angle as well as the moving direction of the moving vehicle 3 and the positions where the light reflecting means 2R and 2L are installed.

Abstract: A plurality of test cells in a cuvette is optically measured while the cuvette is manually moved through a sensing light beam. The cuvette is exposed in an open channel exposed to ambient light and is manually moved through the sensing light beam at an arbitrary rate. Abrupt changes in the optical density sensed by the beam are used to trigger the storage of the light beam intensity as an accepted measurement. The abrupt change is determined by comparing the currently read optical density of the cell against a predetermined moving average of previously read optical densities. A modulated sensing beam is received by a photodetector and converted from an analog to a digital signal by a fast A-to-D converter. The output of the A-to-D converter is coupled to a central processing unit which also includes as its input a bar code reader reading from a optically coded strip such instructions which are necessary to describe the number of cells, the test to be determined and other processing or reporting information.

Abstract: An arrangement for determining the surface structure and especially the roughness of a specimen which includes an image lens system that focuses a parallel ray onto the surface to be examined with an inclined incidence direction and a lens system which reproduces the reflected light beam on a detector array. The distance of the detector array is approximately equal to the focal distance of the lens system. The distance of the surface from the lens systems is also approximately equal to the focal distance of the lens systems. The arrangement according to the invention offers the advantage that also with an areal specimen illumination as well as with greater changes of the distance between the arrangement and the surface to be examined, an unequivocal coordination exists between the angle, under which the light is reflected, and the individual detector elements.

Abstract: An uneven-surface data detection apparatus, includes a transparent plate having an uneven-surface contact portion against which an uneven surface to be detected is pressed. A light source illuminates the uneven-surface contact portion through the transparent plate. An uneven-surface image drawing out optical element draws out the light reflected on the uneven-surface contact portion of the transparent plate. A detector detects the light drawn out from the transparent plate by the optical element.Light reflected by a projection-facing portion of the uneven surface contact portion to be introduced into the detector diverges from a propagation direction of light reflected by a recess-facing portion of the uneven surface contact portion. The optical element is arranged to guide the light reflected by the projection-facing portion into the detector.