Abstract: The process according to the invention is a process for the electrosynthesis of teritary arylalkylphosphines by electrochemical reduction of arylhalophosphines in the presence of aliphatic halides, in an organic solvent medium.The anode, made of a reducing metal such as zinc, aluminum or magnesium, is sacrificed during the electrosynthesis.The cell is preferably non-compartmented.The process is simple and inexpensive.Teritary arylalkylphosphines are compounds which are widely used in homogeneous catalytic systems.

Abstract: A hybrid thermoelectrochemical process cycle for production of gaseous fuels from cycle inputs of water and carbon dioxide combines thermochemical methane reforming and electrochemical carbon monoxide reduction providing a cycle which may be driven by energy from solar or nuclear sources.

Abstract: An electrode that has a film adsorbed to its surface by reductive electropolymerization of (vbpy)Re(CO).sub.3 Cl (4-vinyl-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine tricarbonylchlororhenium(I)) or its acetonitrile analogue, [(vbpy)Re(CO).sub.3 (MeCN)].sup.+ (4-vinyl-4'-methyl-2,2'-bipyridine tricarbonylacetonitrile rhenium (I)). The poly(vbpy)Re(CO).sub.3 Cl or poly[(vbpy)Re(CO).sub.3 (MeCN)].sup.+ adsorbed onto the electrode, acts as a catalyst for CO.sub.2 reduction to CO. Stability and the reactivity of the polymer film may be increased by co-reductive electropolymerization of either of the aforesaid Re complexes with [(bpy).sub.2 Ru(vpy).sub.2.sup.2+ (bis(4-vinyl-pyridine)bis(2,2'-bipyridine) ruthenium (II)) (vpy is 4-vinylpyridine). A bilayer film assembly consisting of poly-[(bpy).sub.2 Ru(vpy).sub.2 ].sup.2+ as an inner film and the aforementioned copolymer of Ru/Re yields even greater reactivity to CO.sub.2.A method of forming a polymeric film on an electrode.A method of reducing CO.sub.

Abstract: A process for producing silver-ionic water, comprising;a step of passing water through a first electrolytic cell chamber containing an anode and a cathode and provided with silver on the anode, under the application of a voltage, to dissolve out silver ions; anda step of passing the water in which said silver ions have been dissolved out, through either one or both of an anode compartment and a cathode compartment of a second electrolytic cell chamber containing an anode and a cathode and separated into said anode compartment and said cathode compartment with a diaphragm formed between both of said electrodes.The process is useful for producing acidic silver-ionic water and/or alkaline silver-ionic water without causing the formation of colloids even under relatively higher silver ion concentration.Also disclosed are useful apparatus for practicing the above processes.

Abstract: A catalyst/cocatalyst composition of matter is useful in electrolytically treating organic waste material. Use of the catalyst/cocatalyst composition causes the reaction rate to increase, and causes the anode potential and the energy required for the reaction to decrease. An electrolyte, including the catalyst/cocatalyst composition, and a reaction medium composition further including organic waste material are also described.

Abstract: A method of treating an organic material such as textile fibres with an alkali metal hydroxide solution including the steps of:(i) contacting the organic material with the hydroxide solution to produce an effluent comprising an alkali metal hydroxide solution which contains multivalent ions and soluble and insoluble organic and inorganic matter;(ii) reducing the pH of the effluent to a value in the range 7 to 9 by contacting it with an acid gas;(iii) filtering the solution from step (ii) to remove suspended insoluble matter having a size greater than 0,1 microns.

Abstract: There is provided a novel process for the preparation of carboxylic acids from alkyl groups under basic conditions utilizing oxides of copper, cobalt and silver.

Abstract: By combining the manufacture of sodium hydroxide and hydrochloric acid, and by using a fuel cell to optimize the energy consumption, the energy efficiency of the manufacture of NaOH and HCl can be improved by at least about 33%. Electrical energy produced in a hydrogen chloride fuel cell is used to assist the electrolysis reaction for making sodium hydroxide, thereby achieving a marked increase in the overall manufacturing efficiency.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell which has at least one three-dimensional cathode of non-galvanizable material, which cell is useful in removing metal ions or complexed metals from industrial waste water for example such as produced in the production and use of complex metal dyestuffs.

Abstract: A unitary membrane-electrode assembly includes an electrode structure with multiple layers having different overvoltages for the desired electrochemical reaction. In the preferred arrangement the layer attached to the membrane has the higher overvoltage thereby preferentially locating the reaction zone a small but controlled distance away from the electrode membraneinterface. In a NaCl brine electrolysis process the use of a dual layer electrode as the cathode is particularly useful because it eliminates formation of concentrated caustic at the membrane surface. As a result, back migration of OH.sup.- ions is reduced and cathodic current efficiency is increased.

Abstract: The present invention concerns a process for stopping for a prolonged period and restarting a series of tanks for the electrolytic refining of copper. The process comprises preparing for the stoppage by reducing the proportion of Cu.sup.2+ ions in the electrolyte, controlling the additive agents, regulating the level of the electrolyte, and slow crystallization of CuSO.sub.4 in the form of very fine crystals. Subsequent restarting comprises restoration of the circulation of the electrolyte with progressive heating, a progressive increase in the electrolysis current strength, and resumption of the addition of additives. Use of the invention makes it possible to obtain deposits of refined copper of commercial quality as from the first electrolysis cycle.

Abstract: A corrosion resistant coating and process comprises the following layers applied in sequence over a ferrous metal substrate: a micro-throwing nickel-zinc alloy plating; galvanically protective zinc metal plating; a zinc-nickel alloy plating containing 5 to 30 weight percent nickel; and an organic coating such as paint. The coating is preferably used with steel fasteners wherein it also reduces installation torque and drill time.

Abstract: An novel solution for anodic oxidation of magnesium or magnesium alloy is prepared by dissolving silicate, carboxylate and alkali hydroxide in water. The anodic oxidation coating formed on the surface of magnesium or its alloy using the anodizing solution has a superior combination of properties, especially with respect to corrosion resistance, abrasion resistance and ornamental properties, as compared to any prior art anodic oxidation coating. The solution may further contains one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of borate, fluoride and phosphate, in addition to the foregoing essential components in order to obtain a further improvement.

Abstract: The invention provides an electrolyte cell which is used for the electrodeposition of silver from a fixer medium (used as the electrolyte) which has previously been used and has to be re-used for developing photographic films, X-ray plates and the like processes wherein silver is extruded by the treatment process. While the silver electrodeposition is taking place, air is bubbled through the electrolyte to prevent copper sulfate and the additives in the electrolyte from settling out and aggregating which shortens the life of the fixer medium. The electric potential which is applied to the electrodes is such as to give a much smaller electrolyzing current i.e. up to 1 amp compared to the more usual electrolyzing currents of 10 amp or more.

Abstract: A process for producing a substantially pure, concentrated MgCl.sub.2 solution suitable for subsequent molten salt electrolysis to magnesium metal from an impure magnesite ore or concentrate is disclosed. The process comprises the steps of calcining a magnesite ore or concentrate at a temperature greater than 600.degree. C. to decompose most of the magnesite and form a reactive magnesia, dissolving such reactive magnesia with either concentrated hydrochloric acid or hydrogen chloride gas with the addition of a surface active wetting agent to produce an impure concentrated MgCl.sub.2 solution, and reacting such impure concentrated MgCl.sub.2 solution with a minimum of excess magnesia to increase the pH of the solution to at least 5.5 to precipitate undesirable impurities from solution and produce a substantially pure MgCl.sub.2 solution.

Abstract: An improved diaphragm for an electrolytic cell is prepared by mixing a slurry of asbestos fibers with a dispersion of titanium dioxide in isopropyl alcohol, depositing the treated asbestos fibers onto a cathode, heating the diaphragm to an elevated temperature of from about 100.degree. C. to about 300.degree. C., and allowing the diaphragm to cool.The diaphragm prepared according to this process exhibits improved mechanical strength and integrity as well as a decrease in electrical energy consumption in comparison to diaphragms prepared using conventional techniques.

Abstract: Alkaline aqueous electrolytes for the electrodeposition of palladium comprising a soluble palladium compound, one or more complexing agents of an organic compound containing a heterocyclic ring having one or more nitrogen atoms in the ring position, at least one carboxyl group substituted on a ring carbon, and at least one hydroxyl or carbonyl oxygen attached to a ring carbon. The palladium compound and complexing agents are soluble in the electrolyte. Optionally, one or more soluble alloying metal compounds can be added to the electrolyte when palladium alloys are to be electrodeposited therefrom. Also, methods for formulating these electrolytes and for electrodepositing palladium or palladium alloys therefrom.

Abstract: Carrier supported catalysts are prepared, comprising metal ions which in their most stable state occur as anions or as higher-valency cations which exhibit a poor interaction with the support material by deposition-precipitation through increasing the hydroxyl ion concentration in homogeneous solution. According to the invention, prior to deposition-precipitation the metal ions are electrochemically reduced to soluble metal ions having a lower valency. Preferably, the pH value of a suspension of the support to be loaded in a solution of the electrochemically reduced metal ions is homogeneously increased by hydrolysis of compounds such as urea or isocyanate, or by the controlled injection of an alkaline solution below the surface of the suspension.

Abstract: An improved process is provided for the production of aluminum reflective material having a higher total reflectance value. The process comprises controlling the anodizing conditions of a bright rolled aluminum alloy by immersing the alloy in a DC anodizing bath containing at least 26 wt. % sulfuric acid and the anodizing sheet at a current density of at least 1.94 amperes per square decimeter (18 amperes per square foot) at a temperature of from 15.56.degree. to 27.78.degree. C. (60.degree. to 82.degree. F.) for a time period of from about 0.5 to 10 minutes to provide a coating thickness of from about 0.06 to 0.22 mils. The process permits a highly reflective surface to be formed without subjecting the aluminum to a preliminary brightening process prior to anodizing.

Abstract: A process and an apparatus for producing a dysprosium-iron alloy or a neodymium-dysprosium-iron alloy by electrolytic reduction of dysprosium fluoride or neodymium fluoride and dysprosium fluoride in a bath of molten electrolyte, consisting essentially of 20-95% by weight of dysprosium fluoride or a mixture of neodymium fluoride and dysprosium fluoride, 5-80% by weight of lithium fluoride, up to 40% by weight or barium fluoride and up to 20% by weight of calcium fluoride, conducted between one or more iron cathode and one or more carbon anode.