Abstract: In a device for the electrically conductive connection of a liquid-crystal cell to a circuit board, the liquid-crystal cell and the circuit board are substantially perpendicular to each other and have conductive paths which fit each other, the conductive paths being connected to each other by solder within an angle formed by them. A slot can be provided in an edge region of the circuit board in order to receive an edge region of the liquid-crystal cell.

Abstract: An improvement in an electro-optical device, such as a liquid-crystal panel, having a pair of substrates and an optical modulating substance disposed between the substrates, comprising hard gap controllers of a material which cannot be heat-bonded to the substrates and soft gap controllers of a material heat-bondable to the substrates being mutually dispersed in the optical modulating substance between the substrates. These gap controllers effectively prevent distortion of the cell and eliminate degradation of the display quality which may otherwise be caused due to generation of interference color.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal display having a matrix of ferroelectric liquid crystal elements and nonlinear elements having a diode characteristic in which the liquid crystal elements are connected in series with the nonlinear elements. The first substrate member comprises (a) a transparent first substrate having an insulating surface, (b) a plurality of m.times.n (m>1, n>1) of rectangular transparent conductive layers C.sub.11 to C.sub.1n, C.sub.21 to C.sub.2n, . . . C.sub.m1 to C.sub.mn arranged on the substrate in a matrix form on the first substrate, (c) a layer member A.sub.ij formed on the conductive layer C.sub.ij (where i=1, 2 . . . m and j=1, 2 . . . n) and (d) a stripe-like conductive layer F.sub.i extending in the row direction and making contact with layer member A.sub.i1 to A.sub.in on the side opposite from the conductive layer C.sub.i1 to C.sub.in, wherein the opposing side surfaces a and a' of the layer member A.sub.

Abstract: A light source, which has a time varying chromatic output, back lights or front lights a plurality of liquid crystal displays disposed in a desired arrangement. Two different colors can be produced at two different times by using a fluorescent light as the light source. The fluorescent light is a sealed tube having a high vacuum with an insert gas therein for energization of the gas and a low pressure mercury vapor. The tube has a coating on the inner surface of the tube of at least one phosphor. Energization of the inert gas causes the low pressure mercury vapor to arc to produce light of a first color during a first time period with the light of the second color being produced solely from the phosphor coating upon the gas being deenergized during the second time period. Each of the liquid crystal displays can be activated during the first time period, the second time period, both time periods, or remain inactivated during both time periods.

Abstract: A ferroelectric liquid crystal device comprises a pair of substrates each provided with a stripe electrode, and a ferroelectric liquid crystal disposed between the substrates. At least one of the substrates has thereon a layer of discretely defined color filters disposed along the stripe electrode, and electroconductive or insulating films disposed between the discretely defined color filters.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display employs two transparent substrates between which are positioned the liquid crystal elements for excitation. One substrate includes a linear array of row control electrodes and one set of picture element electrodes and the other includes a linear array of column control electrodes and an opposite set of picture element electrodes. On each substrate, each picture element electrode is connected to a control electrode by way of a pair of single-stage diodes connected in parallel but oppositely poled.

Abstract: A multilayered liquid crystal display device includes a front substrate, a rear substrate and at least one intermediate substrate interposed therebetween, respective spaces being formed between the intermediate substrate and the front substrate, and between the intermediate substrate and the rear substrate. Liquid crystal layers are in the spaces between the substrates so that the display surfaces provide an overall display. Intersecting signal and scanning electrodes are arranged on opposed mutually facing surfaces of the intermediate and rear substrate and of the intermediate and front substrate. Color layers are arranged in an optical path corresponding to the intersecting portions of the signal and scanning electrodes, but on the opposite side of the intermediate substrate on which the associated intersecting signal and scanning lines are located. The color layers are not interposed between their associated intersecting signal and scanning electrodes.

Abstract: A relatively shallow arrangement for providing illumination for a light scattering type display cell employs a transparent sheet in optical contact with the front surface of the cell and a matte black sheet out of contact with the rear surface. The assembly acts as a light guide for light launched into at least one of the transparent sheet from at least one strip lamp. The only light escaping from the display, etc. in the direction of the observer is a proportion of that scattered into non-guided directions by regions of liquid crystal layer selectively set into a scattering state.

Abstract: An improved mirror substrate, that is particularly adapted for use as a laser mirror, has significantly improved transverse strength and polishability and a method of making the same. The composite comprises graphite fibers coated with an oxidized silicon carbide layer. The coated fibers alternate with layers of glass to form a composite, preferably having a central plane of symmetry across its central plane.

Abstract: A liquid crystal composition for use in negative display, transmission-type, liquid crystal display elements, said composition comprising a nematic liquid crystal having positive dielectric anisotropy and a positive dichroic dye. Liquid crystal display devices comprising liquid crystal display cells including nematic liquid crystals having positive dielectric anisotropy and positive dichroic dyes are disclosed.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display with multiplex capability enhanced by decreasing the hysteresis characteristic of the liquid crystal. The hysteresis characteristic of the crystal is reduced by fixing an angle of twist of the liquid crystal molecules in the range of 270 to 315 degrees, by setting a birefringence (.DELTA.N) of the host molecules at less than or equal to 0.14 and by having a crystal layer thickness (d) of less than or equal to 7 .mu.m (.DELTA.n.multidot.d<1 .mu.m).

Abstract: A device for protection against light of high and rapidly varying intensity which automatically and electronically maintains a constant intensity of transmitted light.

Abstract: There is provided a multicolor liquid crystal display comprising an integrated multilayer arrangement of the sequence: thick transparent plate, color filter, thin glass plate, liquid crystal, and thick glass plate, there being provided a transparent electrode pattern corresponding to that of the filter pattern, which electrode patterns are applied to the two surfaces which face the liquid crystal. The order of thickness of the thin glass plate is generally about 0.2 mm or less, and up to about 0.3 mm. The color filter may be in the form of a pattern of colored stripes or dots; there can also be used a multicolor filter comprising a pattern of stripes or dots of dichroic transmissive polarizing material, in conjunction with a polarizer applied to the rear plate of the device.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display device comprises a plurality of electrically controllable active regions filled with liquid crystal and defined by a plurality of dams, and a plurality of empty passive regions also defined by the dams. An outer peripheral seal completes the closure of the active or passive regions and top and bottom cover plates are provided above and below the regions. The empty passive regions may be partially evacuated to increase the mechanical connection between the cover plates and the active regions may be connected by passages also defined by the dams so that a single filling port can be utilized to fill all of the active regions of liquid crystal.

Abstract: A liquid crystal display keyboard has a keyboard which is arranged on a liquid crystal display and has upper and lower conductive films each having transparent electrodes arranged in spaced and facing relation to each other. An elastic member is arranged on the upper transparent conductive film.

Abstract: To avoid obtrusive interference colors in a liquid crystal device having birefringent substrates, the two substrates are selected to be of markedly unequal thicknesses.

Abstract: A nematic-phase liquid crystal material is sandwiched between two opposing parallel plates at least one of which is transparent. The two parallel plates are respectively coated with transparent electrode films having parallel micro-groove structures at the respective inner surfaces in contact with the nematic-phase liquid crystal material established by unidirectional rubbing. In particular, an additional or second micro-groove structure is further provided for said fist-named micro-groove structure which has an asymmetric or anisotropic profile along the longitudinal axes of the respective micro-grooves within the first micro-groove structure, preferably of a substantially saw-tooth profile. This combination results in a surface anisotropy in solid geometry rather than in plane geometry in the interfacial surfaces.

Abstract: A reflective type liquid crystal display device and a method of manufacturing the same. The liquid crystal display device comprises a transparent first substrate, a second substrate, a reflective metal film and liquid crystal filled in a gap between the first substrate and the reflective metal film. The reflective metal film is formed on a polymer resin layer which is coated on the second substrate. The polymer resin layer has in one surface small protrusions or depressions having a gently curved profile. The reflective metal film formed on the surface of the polymer resin layer and has small protrusions or depressions having a gently curved profile. The liquid crystal display device can thus display a bright picture with high contrast.

Abstract: Disclosed is an electrical conductor for conveying electricity between electrically conductive coatings and disposed respectively on plates and of the display that are spaced-apart from each other by means of a hermetic seal enclosing a cavity between the plates for containment of the electro-optical material. The conductor is made from a thermoplastic phenoxy resin or one or more epoxy resin and mixtures thereof and an amount of conductive particles sufficient to provide the amount of conductivity desired in addition to containing an amount of an organic glycol sufficient to insure that electrical continuity is maintained between the plates when the display is subjected to temperature cycling. The material is also useful for conducting electricity at other locations on the display.

Abstract: An optical 1.times.N switch uses a polarizing beam splitter cube and a reflector to separate an arbitrarily polarized incident light beam into polarized components which propagate along parallel paths. A polarization rotator is positioned in the path of the reflected component to rotate the plane of polarization of the light beam component propagating therealong to be coplanar with that of the undeviated light beam in the parallel path. The two beams are simultaneously or individually deflected by selectively activating the electrodes of a liquid crystal nematic reflector/transmitter array confined between prismatic bodies to emerge at one or more of a plurality of desired outputs. In a second embodiment, a second polarization rotator and polarizing beam combiner assembly re-establishes the initial polarization and the beams are thereby combined to emerge from one or more selected output terminals as an arbitrarily polarized light beam.