Abstract: A slight tube assembly, in combination with a sensing instrument, such as an optical pyrometer, for use in continuously monitoring the temperature of the first row of rotating blades in large gas turbines, particularly the type used in industry. Temperature data received by the pyrometer unit is fed to a control circuit, which regulates fuel input to the tubine to control the firing temperature. The key to obtaining reliable blade temperature data in the practice of this invention is the position of the sight tube in the turbine, which enables the pyrometer to "view" the rotating blades along a direct line of sight that penetrates a hot gas duct, but not the turbine section of the engine.

Abstract: Transparent membranes are examined with a microscope having coaxial brightfield illumination fitted with a narrow bandwidth filter to convert polychromatic light from a source to substantially monochromatic light. Light reflecting off of the surfaces of the membrane recombine to create an interference pattern, including observable fringes in the region of membrane surface aberrations. Membranes which may be examined include pellicles used to cover photomasks and photo-resist layers. If a photo-resist layer is examined, a filter is selected to provide essentially monochromatic light at a wavelength to which the resist is insensitive.

Abstract: A method of expanding the regions in which conversion of color values in the CIE notation system to values in the Munsell notation system can be made. On a conventional Munsell chromaticity diagram having equi-hue lines and equi-chroma loci and superimposed on a CIE set of coordinates in a conventional conversion diagram, the respective equi-hue lines are extended outwardly from the outermost equi-chroma locus in a direction in alignment with respective lines connecting the respective intersections of the outermost equi-chroma locus with the respective equi-hue lines and the intersections of the next inward equi-chroma locus with the respective equi-hue lines, the extension being to points along the extended equi-hue lines which are integral multiples of a value d which is equal to .sqroot.(x.sub.1 -x.sub.2).sup.2 +(y.sub.1 -y.sub.2).sup.2 where x.sub.1 and y.sub.1 are the CIE notation values of the points of intersection of the respective equi-hue lines and the outermost equi-chroma locus, and x.sub.2 and y.

Abstract: A color-sensitive currency verifier operating with a plurality of narrowband light sources optically coupled to a single broadband photodetector and including means for automatically balancing the color outputs of the various light sources. Color balancing is accomplished just prior to the examination of a specimen bill. The data samples are taken under the control of a microprocessor and used to authenticate the specimen bill both on the basis of pattern and color information stored in memory. Multiple data samples from a single target area are divided to compensate for soiling condition of the bill, and further compensation for condition of the bill is provided by adjusting the conversion scale factor of an A/D converter on the basis of data samples taken from a reference target area on the surface of the specimen bill before test or data samples are taken.

Abstract: A perspective receptacle charged with liquid and having its mouth portion sealed with an opaque seal member is rotated as-erected at a high speed. Due to this high speed rotation, the air resident in the vicinity of the mouth portion of the receptacle forms an air cavity and descends below the seal member. This descending air cavity is detected from the outside of the receptacle by means of an optical detecting member.

Abstract: In optical mark recognition apparatus the light transmitter has two light sources 11, 12 which can be selectively switched on and which transmit light beams of different spectral compositions. A semi-permeable mirror 15 directs the light beams 13, 14 of both light sources 11, 12 along a common optical path 16 (FIG. 1).

Abstract: A system for phase-matching arrayed telescopes by means of a corner-cube-bridge metering rod comprises a plurality of arrayed telescopes 10, a source 30 of laser light reflecting means 32,40,42,44,46 for directing the laser beam through the telescopes 10, one of the reflecting means being a beam splitter 42 for directing a different portion of the laser beam through each telescope 10, an absolute distance interferometer (ADI) 38, boresighting means including a hole plate 32, a focusing lens 34 and an alignment sensor 36, and a metering rod 16 carrying four corner-reflector cubes, two near each end. The ADI beam is aligned with the laser source beam by using the boresighting means. The metering rod 16 is mounted between two adjacent telescopes 10 so that two adjacent corner cubes reflect the beam coming through one telescope and the other two adjacent cubes reflect the beam coming through the other telescope.

Abstract: Red cell samples are passed through a zone of focused illumination, and a scatter vs. time pulse is obtained for each. Each pulse is analyzed for pulse width, pulse area, and pulse shape. These parameters are respectively collected, and three coefficients of variation are obtained for each such collection. In addition to these three abnormality factors, the mean of the pulse shape collection constitutes a fourth. The four are respectively subject to statistical criteria, and are combined in predetermined fashion for a single red cell morphology index.

Abstract: An accessory for use in the sample region of a spectrometer is disclosed which combines a matched pair of off-axis paraboloid reflectors having their focii optically imaged on the sample (either imaged at a common point or at two points which are optically imaged on each other) and having relative locations and orientations such that each ray of radiation strikes the two reflectors at points on the reflectors having approximately the same focal lengths. This arrangement involves the use of collimated optical beams into and out of the accessory. The accessory may function as a transmission-type accessory, in which the radiation passes through the sample, or as an internal reflectance accessory, in which the radiation passes through the sample holder but is reflected by the sample. The focal length relationship set forth is accomplished by having "back-to-back" paraboloid reflectors, i.e., their reflecting surfaces face in substantially different, preferably opposite, directions.

Abstract: A step tablet with which an amount of exposure or degree of exhaustion of a developing solution can very readily been determined. The step chart is composed of a number of rectangular patches of photosensitive material, arranged in an order of sensitivity. The steps are each marked with two indicia, one having an optical density corresponding, upon development, of a step of minimum optical density, while the other corresponds to a step of maximum optical density.

Abstract: An improved universal document validator in which a document is transported along a path past light detectors and associated light sources positioned above and below the path, such that light from the sources is directed toward the path and reflected onto the detectors to produce outputs therefrom. A first stored value representing the desired output of each detector with no document in the transport path and with its associated light source illuminated is divided by the actual output of each detector with no document in the transport path and with its associated light source illuminated, to produce a plurality of quotients. If any of the quotients falls outside a predetermined range, the validator turns itself off. A microprocessor control system uses the outputs of the detectors with a document in the transport path together with the quotients to produce an indication of the validity of the document.

Abstract: The present invention relates to an inspection apparatus for detecting the surface distortion in a sheet of material such as a sheet of glass, for example, and for indicating whether the level of distortion detected in the inspected sheet is unacceptable. The inspection apparatus includes a light source mounted to direct a first beam of light toward one surface of the sheet at an oblique angle of incidence to cause a second beam of light to be reflected therefrom. A light detector is mounted to receive the reflected beam and is responsive to a light pattern produced by the reflected beam of light for generating an output signal representing the width of the light pattern. The width of the light pattern is a function of the surface distortion of the portion of the surface from which the beam is reflected. A control circuit is responsive to the detector output signals for generating an actual distortion signal representing the amount of surface distortion in the inspected portion of the surface.

Abstract: The optical densities of both the background and the image areas of an original are measured so as to obtain a control signal useful in photocopying the original, by a system which includes a detector for generating a measuring signal representing optical densities detected on the original; a detector for deriving from the measuring signal a peak signal level representing the background density; first and second detection circuits for producing respective output signals representing numbers of measuring signal portions detected at first and second reference signal levels, which levels differ from each other and each from the peak signal level; a control rendering the reference signal levels dependent in magnitude on the derived peak or background signal level, and preferably proportional to it; and a comparison circuit for deriving from the output signals a control signal indicating in relation to the background density the relative amounts on the original of image information items that have optical densitie

Abstract: A filter cleaning system for an opacity monitor which has a light source and a light sensor on opposite sides of a first optical path through a gas whose opacity is to be measured, comprises a mechanism for calibrating the opacity monitor during a calibration period and a purging air arrangement for supplying purging air to pipes in the first optical path to keep the interior of the pipes clean. A primary filter is connected to the blower for filtering the purging air. Three-way valves are connected to the input and the output of the blower so that a secondary filter can be utilized to supply clean air in a reverse flow through the primary filter to clean the primary filter. The primary filter is cleaned during this blow-down period at the same time that calibration is taking place for the opacity monitor. In this way, no measuring time is wasted and still the life of the primary filter is extended.

Abstract: An integrating sphere (10) comprised of a uniform diffusely reflecting spherical cavity (24) having mutually transverse input and output ports (42, 46) and a linear sample transport mechanism (12) secured thereto so that the multiple samples (136) can be brought into registration with the input port, one at a time, without having to open or disassemble the apparatus when a change of a sample (136) is desired. A vacuum tight seal (72) is provided between the cavity (24) and transport mechanism (12) for maintaining the integrity of a vacuum generated within the sphere when attached to source of optical energy. The device is utilized, for example, to test the emissive characteristic such as the relative fluorescence quantum efficiency of a dye sample placed in the path of a monochromatic optical energy source coupled to the input port (42) while having a light detector coupled to the output port (46).

Abstract: To be of most use as an input signal for the control system of a gas turbine aeroengine, a pyrometer-derived turbine blade temperature signal should represent the average temperature of the hottest parts of the blades with fast and accurate response when the average temperature of the hottest parts changes with engine conditions. The invention achieves this by providing the pyrometer with an optical system adapted to give the pyrometer's photo-diode a large field of view which is rectangular at the face of the turbine rotor and which extends an integer number of inter-blade passage widths in the circumferential direction and a portion of the length of the blade aerofoils in the radial direction.

Abstract: A multicuvette rotor for use in a centrifugal analyzer defines a circumferential array of elongated radially extending cuvettes. The rotor includes a one-piece body member of material that is transparent at analytical wavelengths and has a planar upper surface and defines a circumferential array of elongated cuvette recesses, and a one-piece cover member of similarly transparent material that has a planar lower surface parallel to the planar upper surface of the body member. A continuous seal extends around each cuvette recess between the planar upper and lower surfaces to define the circumferential array of analytical cuvettes.

Abstract: A multicuvette rotor for use in a centrifugal analyzer defines a circumferential array of elongated radially extending cuvettes. Each elongated cuvette defines a first chamber for receiving a first reactant and a loading port through which the first reactant is introduced into the first chamber region, a second chamber region for receiving a second reactant and a loading port through which the second reactant is introduced into the second chamber region, and divider structure between the first and second chamber regions that has a ramp surface and a ramp crest spaced from the ceiling surface of the cuvette so that a transfer passage between the first and second chamber regions is defined through which the first reactant may be flowed into the second chamber region for forming a reaction product with the second reactant.

Abstract: Disclosed is a sample chamber which is particularly adapted to the spectrophotometric analysis of blood samples. The instrument of which the sample chamber is a part includes means for directing a beam of light through the sample fluid and means for analyzing the light emanating from the fluid. The sample chamber comprises a first transparent member having a flat surface. A surface of a prism is disposed adjacent to the flat surface of the first member, and a resilient gasket located between the prism and the first member seals off a region which forms the sample chamber. A spring on a door, which closes to a position adjacent to the prism, engages the hypotenuse surface thereof to force the prism against the first member and compress the resilient gasket. First and second holes through the prism intersect the first surface thereof at opposite sides of the chamber formed by the gasket to enable the sample fluid to flow through the chamber.

Abstract: In a measurement device of photographic density of a film wherein a light source is provided on one side over a film carrier route and a plurality of light receiving elements for converting transmitted light of a film emitted from the said light source to an electrical signal are provided on the counter side of the light source forming a line, a device for measuring photographic density of the film comprising a means for obtaining a rate of change in the form of a ratio between a reference signal decided beforehand for each of the light receiving elements and an output signal of the light receiving elements when the film is carried, and a means for obtaining photographic density of the film in accordance with the obtained ratio.