Abstract: An optical deflection element is configured to include a prism electrode provided on an optical waveguide, a first photonic crystal structure provided forward of the prism electrode in a light traveling direction being a position after a light passes through the prism electrode, a control electrode provided to confront a counter electrode layer via the optical waveguide on the first photonic crystal structure, and a second photonic crystal structure provided in the lateral direction of the prism electrode in parallel with the light traveling direction.

Abstract: An optical coupling and a method of making an optical coupling where the alignment of the optical beam between two optical ports is completed after the optical coupling is assembled or packaged for shipment through the repositioning of a collecting mirror which is interposed to intercept an optical beam from an optical beam transmitter and then reflect the optical beam onto an optical beam receptor without an operator having to move or align either the optical beam transmitter or the optical beam receptor.