Abstract: An electrical purification apparatus and methods of making same are disclosed. The electrical purification apparatus may provide for increases in operation efficiencies, for example, with respect to current efficiencies and membrane utilization.

Abstract: Systems and methods for the electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide are disclosed. The systems involve an electrochemical cell having a cathode of anodized silver and the methods involve introducing carbon dioxide into such a system and applying a potential. The disclosed systems and methods have improved carbon monoxide production selectivity, support higher current density, and have improved efficiency in comparison to existing silver-based CO2 electroreduction devices.

Abstract: In a process to produce sodium carbonate, a first production solution comprising sodium carbonate is introduced into less basic compartments of an electrodialyzer comprising alternating less basic and more basic adjacent compartments separated from each other by cationic membranes, the more basic compartments being delimited by anionic faces of bipolar membranes on one side and by the cationic membranes on the other side; a second production solution comprising sodium carbonate is introduced into the more basic compartments of the electrodialyzer; a solution comprising sodium hydroxide is produced into the more basic compartments by combination of sodium ions flux sodium ions crossing the cationic membrane and hydroxyl ions flux crossing the anionic face of the bipolar membranes, and is then extracted from the electrodialyzer to be used as a reaction solution; and the reaction solution is reacted with sodium bicarbonate in order to form a produced solution comprising sodium carbonate.

Abstract: It is an object of the present invention to provide an anode for a zero-gap brine electrolyzer which through employment of a highly roughened surface at a catalyst layer at an anode for a zero-gap brine electrolyzer makes it possible to achieve sufficient liquid permeability and further reduction in electrolyzing voltage and a brine electrolysis method employing same. The present invention relates to an anode for a zero-gap brine electrolyzer equipped with a liquid-permeable conductive substrate 21, and with a catalyst layer 22 which is provided on the conductive substrate 21 and which is such that the maximum difference in height of surface irregularities is 55 ?m to 70 ?m; a zero-gap brine electrolyzer equipped with the anode 20, a cathode 30, and an ion-exchange membrane I disposed between and in contact with the anode 20 and the cathode 30; and a brine electrolysis method employing same.

Abstract: A device according to one embodiment includes a porous membrane having a surface charge and pore configuration characterized by a double layer overlap effect being present in pores of the membrane, where the porous membrane includes functional groups that preferentially interact with either cations or anions. A device according to another embodiment includes a porous membrane having a surface charge in pores thereof sufficient to impart anion or cation selectivity in the pores. Additional devices, systems and methods are also presented.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a method for the concentration of slurry, especially mineral containing slurry. The invention provides a system comprising an electrophoresis unit and a separation unit, where the separation unit comprises a recipient, preferably of half cylindrical form, with adjusted flanks for separating the solid material or cake from the rotating anodes and a sliding carriage suitable for closing the recipient and stripping resting solid material from the flanks into the recipient before the solid material or cake is pressed out of the recipient by a piston.

Abstract: There is disclosed an electrochemical cell for treating water comprising at least one water chamber configured to hold water to be treated; at least one redox electrode comprising reactants capable of accepting and having a reversible redox reaction with at least one negative ion in the water; at least one intercalation electrode capable of accommodating and intercalating at least one positive ion in the water, wherein the intercalation electrode is immersed in the water chamber or separated from the water chamber by an optional porous separator; and an anion exchange membrane separating the redox electrode from the water chamber. The cell can be used to desalinate water having a wide range of salinities, including sea water, and brackish water. The cell can also be used to collect salt, which can subsequently used to concentrate industrial brine. Methods for using the electrochemical cell to treat water, such as desalinate saline solutions are disclosed.

Abstract: The present invention provides a resin-wafer electrodeionization (RW-EDI) apparatus including cathode and anode electrodes separated by a plurality of porous solid ion exchange resin wafers, which when in use are filled with an aqueous fluid. The apparatus includes one or more wafers comprising a basic ion exchange medium, and preferably includes one or more wafers comprising an acidic ion exchange medium. The wafers are separated from one another by ion exchange membranes. The gas and aqueous fluid are introduced into each basic wafer via a porous gas distributor which disperses the gas as micro-sized bubbles laterally throughout the distributor before entering the wafer. The fluid within the acidic and/or basic ion exchange wafers preferably includes, or is in contact with, a carbonic anhydrase (CA) enzyme or inorganic catalyst to facilitate conversion of bicarbonate ion to carbon dioxide within the acidic medium.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a system and a method for the concentration of slurry, especially mineral containing slurry. The invention provides a system comprising an electrophoresis unit and a separation unit, where the separation unit comprises a recipient, preferably of half cylindrical form, with adjusted flanks for separating the solid material or cake from the rotating anodes and a sliding carriage suitable for closing the recipient and stripping resting solid material from the flanks into the recipient before the solid material or cake is pressed out of the recipient by a piston.

Abstract: Nickel is recovered from pickling acid solutions of crude ore using boric acid as catalyst by ultrasound assisted electrolysis.

Abstract: Exemplary electrolytic methods are disclosed relating to preparation of useful products, e.g., disinfectants, from aqueous solutions of electrolytes. Disinfectant production with a capacity of a single electrolyzer may amount to 1200 liters per hour and up to 600 grams of active chlorine per hour by utilizing 3-7 gram sodium chloride (NaCl) for the production of 1 gram of active chlorine on the basis of a reliable and safe hydraulic structure. A fresh water supply may initially be directed into an internal tubular cathode chamber for cathode cooling purposes, before the participation in final disinfectant production process. A coolable cathode may increase the hold-up time of the electrolyte in the electrode chamber without application of circulation circuits, improving significantly the efficiency of sodium chloride utilization. The simplicity of the method makes it possible to increase both the productivity of a single electrolyzer and the efficiency of the process.

Abstract: An electrical purification apparatus and methods of making same are disclosed. The electrical purification apparatus may provide for increases in operation efficiencies, for example, with respect to current efficiencies and membrane utilization.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed at an apparatus, method and plant for desalinating saltwater and contaminated saltwater. The apparatus comprises a stack and a manifolding assembly. The stack comprises a product chamber, a first and second concentrate chamber, an anion exchange membrane forming a boundary between the first concentrate chamber and the product chamber and a cation exchange membrane forming a boundary between the second concentrate chamber and the product chamber. The manifolding assembly comprises product and concentrate manifolding fluidly coupled to the product and concentrate chambers respectively, to convey a saltwater being desalinated to and away from the product chamber, and a concentrate to and away from the concentrate chambers. The stack may include a diluent chamber and adjacent anion or cation exchange membranes between the product chamber, diluent chamber and concentrate chamber to respectively convey anions or cations across multiple chambers.

Abstract: The present invention relates to the treatment of wastewater by electrochemical reactions. More particularly, an Electro-Reaction Unit (ERU) is disclosed. The ERU is provided with at least one electrolytic cell comprising a pair of self-cleaned electrodes for purifying wastewater. Along with electro-reactions, electrodes of the ERU are submitted to passivation, i.e. coverage with an oxide layer. The present invention provides a solution for alleviating passivation with a self-cleaning system comprising hard elements, confined in a cage and movable therein, for bombardment of the electrodes and rupture of the oxide layer. The present invention further provides a related process.

Abstract: A method of purifying water is provided that includes applying a voltage to an electrolytic cell 10 that includes an anode 14, a cathode 16 and an alkaline electrolyte composition having a pH value of about 11 or less. The alkaline electrolyte composition 13 includes at least one waste metal ion to be reduced, and a sacrificial reductant, such as urea, ammonia or a combination thereof, to be oxidized. According to the disclosed method, the voltage is applied across the cathode 16 and the anode 14 and is sufficient to reduce the at least one waste metal ion to form at least one elemental metal species at the cathode 16, and to oxidize the sacrificial reductant at the anode 14. Additionally, the applied voltage does not affect the generation of hydrogen at the cathode 16 and/or oxygen at the anode 14.

Abstract: The invention relates to the method for producing high purity crystalline carbamide. The method comprises the crystallization and drying of carbamide, wherein an aqueous carbamide solution is preheated from +30° C. to +130° C., and thereafter the solution is purified by electrodialysis at a voltage in the range of 400 V-600 V. The technical result is the production of high-purity crystalline carbamide that can be used as an additive in the food industry and as a reagent in laboratory analyzes.

Abstract: This invention relates to an electric double layer capacitor electrochemical cylinder (11) made up of concentric layers of capacitors (16), current collectors (14a, 14b, 14c), ion specific membranes (18, 18a, 18b) and dielectric spacer (20) wrapped around an inner support tube (12) that can be used as a high capacitance capacitor and to remove dissolved solids from a liquid stream such as water, acid, aqueous or non-aqueous.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a technology for producing the production of disinfectants by diaphragm electrolysis of the aqueous solution of sodium chloride. Disinfectants are used in agriculture, public health care and medical institutions, public water supply systems and elsewhere. The purpose of the this invention is to provide the means for producing disinfectants with the adjusting range of the pH value from 2.5 to 8.5 by using devices with various capacities ranging from 1 to 600 g active chlorine per hour, while decreasing the consumption of electric energy and sodium chloride for the production of 1 g of active chlorine over two times compared to prototype methods, and reducing the consumption of fresh water for producing of waste catholyte.

Abstract: The present disclosure is directed at a compression device for compressing a stack to prevent leaks and at an apparatus including the stack and the compression device. The stack includes a pair of rigid end plates located at opposing ends of the stack, a plurality of membrane bounded compartments layered between one of the rigid end plates and the other of the rigid end plates and fluid manifolds extending through the membrane bound compartments. The compression device is fixedly coupled to opposing ends of the pair of rigid end plates and includes compression members movable to compress one of the rigid end plates towards the other of the rigid end plates. The compression members are positioned to apply force to the stack in the vicinity of the fluid manifolds.

Abstract: A system and a method for remediation of organic contaminated soil are provided, which comprises M*N electrodes to form an electrode matrix of symmetrical electric field structure. The field intensity is uniform in those points that are equidistant from each electrode in remediation area. The electrodes arrayed in mesh style in remediation area are carried out electrokinetic remediation. To exchange between positive polarity and negative polarity of the electrodes periodically is to make each electrode be a state of anode intermittently which has preferable remediation efficiency, by operation mode of reversing row/column electrode groups in manner of electrical scanning.