Abstract: Systems, methods, and devices for routing operations in a network computing environment. A system includes a network topology comprising a plurality of spine nodes and a plurality of leaf nodes, wherein a link between a first spine node and a first leaf node is inactive. The first spine node includes one or more processors configurable to execute instructions stored in non-transitory computer readable storage media. The instructions include receiving a packet to be transmitted to the first leaf node. The instructions include identifying an alternative spine node at a same level in the network topology. The instructions include attaching a tunnel label to the packet, wherein the tunnel label indicates the packet should be transmitted to the alternative spine node.

Abstract: A data transmission method and apparatus using a clear channel assessment (CCA) detection threshold are disclosed. The method includes: obtaining, by a base station, at least one CCA detection threshold; determining a current CCA detection threshold from the at least one CCA detection threshold; determining transmit power of to-be-sent data based on the current CCA detection threshold; and sending the to-be-sent data to a target terminal based on the transmit power.

Abstract: A radio access network (RAN) node can receive, from a user equipment (UE), a request to establish a session associated with a low-latency service level agreement (SLA). The session can be mapped to a radio bearer associated with a network slice configured to support the low-latency SLA, wherein the network slice can include a RAN portion and a core network portion that are co-located at a RAN edge to support the low-latency SLA. The RAN node can provide information related to the radio bearer to a distributed unit (DU) associated with the RAN portion of the network slice and route traffic associated with the session through the network slice configured to support the low-latency SLA via the radio bearer mapped to the session. As such, the session can have a context maintained in the RAN portion and the core network portion of the network slice.

Abstract: A data transmission optimization method, a terminal, and a network device are provided. The terminal determines to move along a track route included in a track context and reach a to-be-optimized route segment on the track route, where the track context is pre-generated by the terminal, and includes a track route along which the terminal moves and that is passed through by the terminal in a historical time and a to-be-optimized route segment on the track route, a value of a predefined measurement parameter meets a preset threshold value range when the terminal moves in the to-be-optimized route segment. The terminal sends a data transmission optimization instruction to a network device, where the data transmission optimization instruction is used to instruct the network device to perform a data transmission optimization processing operation, and the data transmission optimization processing operation includes adjusting a resource allocation policy of the terminal.

Abstract: A mobility measurement method includes: receiving, from a first base station, system information including information of a first reference signal configured by the first base station for a current cell that is a cell accessed currently, and information of a second reference signal configured by a second base station for a neighboring cell of the current cell, the first and second base stations corresponding respectively to the current cell and the neighboring cell; and measuring mobility of the current cell based on a reference signal in a synchronization block of the current cell and the first reference signal according to the information of the first reference signal, and measuring mobility of the neighbor cell based on a reference signal in a synchronization block of the neighbor cell and the second reference signal according to the information of the second reference signal.

Abstract: A session management method and a session management function network element are provided. The session management method includes: learning, by a session management function SMF network element, of whether a first condition is met, where the first condition includes: a first location of user equipment UE is outside a service area SA of a local area data network LADN; and in response to determining that the first condition is met, stopping, by the SMF network element, data transmission of an LADN packet data unit PDU session of the LADN, and maintaining, by the SMF network element, a resource of the LADN PDU session.

Abstract: A VNFCI receives a heartbeat message from a peer VNFCI with an Active state and sends a heartbeat message to the peer VNFCI indicating that the VNFCI is in an Active state. The VNFCI sends a next state request message to an EMS and starts a response timer. The VNFCI sends a second heartbeat message to the peer VNFCI indicating that the VNFCI is in an Active state and that the VNFCI has a desired operational state of Active when the response timer expires and the VNFCI is not the preferred Standby instance; or the VNFCI receives a next state response message from the EMS and the VNFCI response state is an Active state. The VNFCI transitions to a Deactivating state when the response timer expires and the VNFCI is the preferred Standby instance; or the VNFCI receives the next state response message from the EMS and the VNFCI response state is Standby.

Abstract: A method for user equipment (UE) to receive a reference signal in a cellular mobile communication system supporting narrowband Internet of Things (NB-IoT) is disclosed. To this end, the UE receives, via at least one first subframe, a narrowband reference signal (NRS) for signal demodulating or measurement in NB-IoT and receiver, via at least one second subframe, a narrowband positioning reference signal (NPRS) for location-based measurement in the NB-IoT, wherein information on the at least one second subframe is received from a base station as configuration information of the NPRS, and, in accordance with the configuration information of the NPRS, the UE operates by assuming that the NRS is not transmitted in a subframe configured with the second subframe.

Abstract: The techniques describe forwarding multicast traffic using a multi-level cache in a network device forwarding plane for determining a set of outgoing interfaces of the network device on which to forward the multicast traffic. For example, a multi-level cache is configured to store a multicast identifier of a multicast packet and multicast forwarding information associated with the multicast identifier, such as identification of one or more egress packet processors of the network device to which the multicast packet is to be sent for forwarding to the set of one or more egress network devices, and/or outgoing interfaces of the network device toward each egress network device of the set of one or more egress network devices. The multi-level cache is also configured to store respective multicast identifiers that are to be encapsulated with outgoing multicast packets that are forwarded to the set of one or more egress network devices.

Abstract: A terminal device that can be connected to one or more base station devices that each form one or more beams is described. The terminal device monitors, when the terminal device is not connected to any of the one or more base station devices, a connection target beam to be used when the terminal device establishes a connection with any of the one or more base station devices; and reports, at least based on a fact that the connection target beam has transitioned, information regarding the connection target beam to a base station device that forms the connection target beam. A base station device among the one or more base station devices to execute paging of the terminal device and a beam to be used in the paging are controlled based on the information regarding the connection target beam.

Abstract: A method of delay measurement of a network node device is disclosed. The method includes obtaining a node delay value of a current packet when a preset time period starts. The method further includes determining, based on M+1 boundary values of preset M delay intervals, a delay interval in which the node delay value is located, and adding 1 to a value of a delay segment counter corresponding to the delay interval in which the node delay value is located, where M>1, M is a positive integer. The method further includes obtaining a node delay value of a next packet until the preset time period ends. The method further includes determining a cumulative probability Pacc.j that is greater than or equal to a target probability, and obtaining, as a delay threshold, a node delay value having the target probability.

Abstract: An electronic device receives installation information about an environment of the electronic device. For example, the installation information includes a type of installation of the electronic device, such as one of: installation on a wall, installation on a pole, installation in a stadium, or installation in street furniture. Based at least in part on the installation information, the electronic device selects a group of antenna patterns that includes a subset of potential antenna patterns. Then, the electronic device communicates, via an interface circuit in the electronic device, one or more packets or frames for another electronic device using an antenna pattern in the group of antenna patterns. Note that the electronic device determines the antenna pattern to use in subsequent communication. Moreover, the group of antenna patterns is selected based at least in part on an orientation, a location of the electronic device, or both.

Abstract: A method and an apparatus are disclosed for generating an ACL table. A controller obtains a port type of each port of a first network device, and selects, based on the port type of each port, a target port whose port type is a preset type from all ports of the first network device. The controller generates a corresponding first-type access control list ACL entry for each target port, and generates one second-type ACL entry corresponding to a routing table of the first network device, where an action of the second-type ACL entry is redirecting to the routing table. The controller adds the second-type ACL entry and each first-type ACL entry to an ACL table of the first network device.

Abstract: A random access preamble sending method and an apparatus is provided. The method includes sending, by user equipment, a first random access preamble to a network device, where the first random access preamble is used by the user equipment to access the network device; and when the user equipment fails in accessing the network device by using the first random access preamble, sending at least one second random access preamble to the network device, where access characteristic information of each second random access preamble is different from that of the first random access preamble, the access characteristic information includes at least one of a time length, a transmit beam, and a random access resource, and the at least one second random access preamble is used by the user equipment to access the network device.

Abstract: A data transmission coordination system and a method thereof are provided. In the method, multiple terminal devices are grouped into a first sub-group and a second sub-group. The first and the second sub-groups respectively include at least one of the terminal devices and have different data transmission modes for uploading data. The power consumption of the data transmission mode of the first sub-group is higher than that of the second sub-group. In response to the first terminal device of the sub-group conforming to a replacement condition, a second terminal device of the second sub-group replaces the first terminal device, so that the first sub-group includes the second terminal device. The replaced first terminal device is associated to the second sub-group or not able to transmit depending on an operation situation. Accordingly, a whole lifetime of the system is increased.

Abstract: Semi-persistent transmission method and apparatus are provided. The semi-persistent transmission method includes: obtaining, by user equipment UE, a semi-persistent transmission resource; determining, by the UE, a logical channel having a correspondence with the semi-persistent transmission resource; and transmitting, by the UE on the semi-persistent transmission resource, data in the logical channel having the correspondence with the semi-persistent transmission resource. The semi-persistent transmission method and apparatus can support scheduled transmission of various semi-persistent service data.

Abstract: A method and a system for updating a first whitelist at a network node. The network node receives data packets from an Internet of Things (IoT) device and determines a predetermined identifier for the IoT device. The network node then determines whether the predetermined identifier is in the first whitelist. When the predetermined identifier is not in the first whitelist, the network node starts a first time period. When the predetermined identified is on the first whitelist, the network node determines whether the data packets are received within the first time period. When the data packets are received within the first time period, the network node identifies destination addresses of the data packets and updates the first whitelist based on the destination addresses and the predetermined identifier. The updated first whitelist is stored in non-transitory computer readable storage medium in the network node.

Abstract: A speech coding adjustment method in voice over long-term evolution (VoLTE) communication and a serving base station thereof are disclosed. The method includes: acquiring, by a serving base station, quality information of the VoLTE communication based on a predetermined condition; smoothening, by the serving base station, the quality information; acquiring coding information of the VoLTE communication based on the smoothened quality information, the coding information including a final speech coding mode and a corresponding code rate; and sending, by the serving base station, the coding information to a serving base station corresponding to a peer terminal, such that the serving base station and the serving base station corresponding to the peer terminal perform a speech coding adjustment for the VoLTE communication.

Abstract: Embodiments of the present invention provide a congestion control method and apparatus based on a software defined network SDN, and an SDN controller. The method comprises: obtaining a packet_in message sent by a switch; determining a data packet included in the packet_in message; performing a first congestion control processing for a network where the SDN controller is located based on a topological structure and link information of the network when the data packet is a handshake information SYN packet for requesting to establish a TCP connection; performing a second congestion control processing for the network based on the link information when the data packet is a finish information FIN packet for responding to disconnection of a TCP connection; deleting information of a TCP connection stored in a database and corresponding to the data packet when the data packet is an FIN packet requesting to disconnect a TCP connection.