Abstract: In an electrolytic cell having a membrane and vertical electrodes composed of a plurality of units,a. the electrode having one polarity is horizontally divided into a plurality of units,b. the electrode having the opposite polarity is vertically divided into a plurality of units, andc. the units of at least one of the two electrodes are adapted to be displaced by spring elements. Spacers are suitably provided between the units of that electrode which is not contacted by the membrane.

Abstract: An electrolytic cell, and a gasket therefor, the cell comprising at least one anode and at least one cathode and a separator positioned between an anode and adjacent cathode and dividing the cell into separate anode and cathode compartments, the gasket comprising a plurality of projections and recesses on or in a surface thereof, and preferably on or in both surfaces thereof, adapted to cooperate with corresponding recesses and projections in or on a surface of an anode or cathode or a gasket adjacent thereto.

Abstract: A device for applying blot-shaped coverings to metal or metallized tapes by electro-plating, comprising a guide member along which a metal and/or metallized tape can be guided and an endless masking member co-operating with the tape and the guide member and having passages, the shapes of which match the desired blot-shaped coverings, whereby the masking member is formed by independent segments, each of which has at least one passage, sealing means being arranged between the segments the structure of said means being such that while maintaining the sealing relationship between the segments they allow a movement of the segments relative to one another in the direction of length of the masking member.

Abstract: A low melting enamel frit which comprises 31 to 39 wt % of SiO.sub.2, 13 to 21 wt % of B.sub.2 O.sub.3, 14 to 21 wt % of Na.sub.2 O, 1 to 5 wt % of K.sub.2 O, 5 to 20 wt % of ZnO, 2 to 10 wt % of F.sub.2 and 2 to 9 wt % of at least one of Al.sub.2 O.sub.3, ZrO.sub.2 and TiO.sub.2 provided that at least one intermediate oxide is present in an amount of 5 wt % in a maximum. The frit is capable of firing at temperatures lower than A.sub.1 transformation temperature of steel, say, 723.degree. C.

Abstract: A fertilizer product in granular form with sustained action is provided by spraying a silicate-based solution on the surface of the fertilizer granules in a conventional coating machine which is maintained at temperatures ranging from 20.degree. to 100.degree. C. The coating solution comprises 1 to 50% by weight of a silicate and/or silicic acid ester based on the weight of the fertilizer material to be treated, 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight of a metal and/or non-aqueous metallic compound (first additives), 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight of an aqueous metallic compound (second additives), 0.001 to 1.0 part by weight of an inorganic mineral (third additives), and optionally high molecular weight organic compound, wherein all parts described above are based on the weight of the silicate and/or silicic acid ester used. The coated fertilizer granules are subject to heat-treatment for 10 seconds to 10 days under conditions that the relative humidity and the temperature be maintained at 5 to 95% and 10.degree. to 250.

Abstract: A process for the continuous, electrolytic plating of a long span of metal with a layer of metal, having a high line speed and low period of immersion in the electrolyte, and a device therefor. The span of metal is passed through a shaving drawplate, then through a metal plating solution to which an electric voltage is applied through a fluid electric connector comprising a solution of metal chloride, a fluoride and boric acid.The process is used to plate a metal with an adhesive metal layer, which provides both ductility to facilitate extrusion and low, non-evolving contact resistance.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for effecting hydrogen sorption and dissociation on an adsorbent metal at an elevated temperature, wherein the method is carried out in an apparatus including a vessel for containing an adsorbent metal, the vessel including a hydrogen intake path and a hydrogen discharge path, a pair of electrodes located at opposite ends of the vessel such that the vessel is insulated to the electrodes, and a source of power for supplying electric current to the electrodes, so as to effect electric current between the electrodes through the adsorbent metal.

Abstract: There is disclosed electroplating apparatus in which a plurality of anodes and a twice-as-large plurality of first and second cathodes are disposed in a cell such that each anode has on its opposite sides a first cathode and a second cathode, respectively. First and second adjustable constant current sources supply current to, respectively, all first cathodes and such anodes and all second cathodes and such anodes. A plurality of current adjusting units respective corresponding to the anodes are connected on the anodic side of each such current source between that source and each respective anode. The anodes are permanently installed in the cell, while the cathodes are carried by a holder fitting over the top of the cell and removable therefrom. The cathodes may be selectively inserted into guideways in their holder and then locked in place in these guideways until removal of the cathodes is desired, when they are unlocked.

Abstract: This invention provides a passive potentiostat which is adapted to function as a self-adjustable unipolar resistive load.The passive potentiostat is suitable for controlling the half-cell potential of a thermodynamically favorable electrochemical process, e.g., a process operating in a fuel cell mode or battery mode.

Abstract: An apparatus including a single electrolytic/reaction cell, for extraction of titanium sponge from rutile ore. Magnesium chloride is electrolytically separated into magnesium metal and chlorine gas within the cell. The chlorine gas produced is reacted with rutile ore and coke to produce titanium tetrachloride in a separate chlorinator and the product is directed to the cell subsequent to completion of electrolysis. Titanium tetrachloride is reacted with magnesium metal in the same cell where the magnesium is produced to form titanium sponge and magnesium chloride. The titanium sponge is separated within said cell with the magnesium chloride being recovered and recycled. Major impurities are separated by distillation. Plural electrolytic cells can be coupled to a single chlorinator in a continuous process. Very pure titanium sponge is produced with this self-replenishing process.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus for electrochemically deburring perforate metallic clad dielectric laminates such, for example, as laminated printed circuit boards (PCBs) or printed wiring boards (PWBs) and similar machined and fabricated laminated dielectric parts; and, more specifically, methods and apparatus for removing burrs formed during drilling, punching and similar machining operations for forming holes in a workpiece and wherein the conductive path for current flow during the electrochemical deburring process extends through the thru-hole perforations formed in the workpiece being deburred so as to concentrate current densities and preferential electrochemical attack in the regions of the clad at the peripheral edges of the thru-hole perforations in the clad dielectric laminate.

Abstract: This invention pertains to a process for electrochemically modifying electrochemically roughened aluminum or aluminum alloy-based support materials for printing plates. An aluminum or aluminum alloy-based support material is electrochemically roughened using alternating current in an electrolyte containing at least one from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid and nitric acid. Subsequently, at least one surface of the material is treated in an aqueous electrolyte, with the roughened material being made the cathode. The cathodic treatment results in removal of material from the surface in the order of from 0.1 to 10 g/m.sup.2, and is carried out in an aqueous electrolyte which has a pH value in the range from 3 to 11 and includes at least one water-soluble salt in a concentration ranging from 5 g/l up to the saturation limit thereof. The cathodic treatment is appropriately conducted using direct current at a current density from 3 to 100 A/dm.sup.2, at a temperature from 15.degree. to 90.degree. C.

Abstract: Apparatus for supplying a working fluid and a wire electrode to a wire region of a wire-cut electrical discharge machine comprising a housing supported by a support member and having opposed aligned openings through which a wire electrode is passed into operation association with a workpiece at the work region to be operated on by the electrode. A working fluid is supplied under pressure into the housing and the working fluid passes through a nozzle supported in the housing against the workpiece. The nozzle is positioned in the housing to surround the wire electrode which travels therethrough and it projects from the housing to discharge the working fluid against the workpiece at a gap formed therewith. A guide die is supported in the housing to guide the wire electrode through the housing and the nozzle.

Abstract: An improved polyacrylamide gel in a gel buffer, a system and method for conducting discontinuous sodium dodecyl sulfate electrophoresis is disclosed. The improved gel involves the use of a salt of 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol at a pH of from 6.4 to 7.3 The improved process involves the use of the gel in combination with 2-amino-2-methyl-1,3-propanediol taurine as an electrolyte buffer at a pH of about 8.0 to 10.0.

Abstract: A method of making an electrochemical sensor is disclosed in which a liquid electrolyte such as sulfuric acid is blended with fumed silica in an amount sufficient to powderize the mixture. The resultant mixture is compacted under pressure between electrodes to form an electrochemical gas sensor.

Abstract: A light driven hydrogen oxygen generator in which a hydrogel coating is polymerized over photoreceptors allowing the electrolyte to reach the surface of the photoreceptor and protect the photoreceptor from contamination by impurities which may be present in the electrolyte. The surface of the hydrogel also rejects the accumulation of debris to maintain its permeability.

Abstract: The invention relates to a membrane electrolysis cell of the filter press type with one or more plate-type electrode pairs, each comprising at least one non-continuous active central part, with a membrane provided between the electrode pairs, and with a seal installed between each electrode and membrane rim. The membrane cell is suitable for the production of an aqueous alkali metal hydroxide solution (cell liquor) as well as of halogen and hydrogen by electrolyzing an aqueous halide-bearing electrolyte (brine).The non-continuous central part of the electrodes has a grid-type structure, the grid rods of the electrode pairs are staggered by a maximum of half the rod width, the grid rods of the electrodes are arranged so that their interspace is smaller than the projection of their width, the grid rods have a convex face at least on the active side, and the thickness of the seals between the electrode and membrane rims is equal or inferior to the height of the grid rod portion protruding over the electrode rim.

Abstract: An improved three-piece polymeric hydrogen vent assembly for use on chlor-alkali diaphragm cells comprises an elongated tube containing a standpipe and an inverted cup which separates the standpipe from the tube. The cup has a plurality of openings in its base portion and a manometer fitting in its top. The entire three-piece assembly is fabricated from a polymeric material, preferably polypropylene, and can be conveniently molded in a one-piece unit. Each individual component of the assembly can be separately cut from the single molded unit and assembled.The hydrogen vent assembly is primarily useful as a replacement for existing steel components and has the advantages of being less corrosive than carbon steel, easier to install, and safer in operation since it has a reduced risk of overflow during cell start-up.

Abstract: A thin passivating layer (14) of CdTe is formed on a layer of photoconductive HgCdTe (4) by means of electrochemical deposition. The photoconductive layer (4) is used as a cathode. A first anode (26) is fabricated of tellurium and a second anode (28) is fabricated of an inert substance such as graphite. An electrolyte (30) comprises an aqueous solution of CdSO.sub.4 and unsaturated TeO.sub.2. Alternatively, electrolyte (30) can be saturated with TeO.sub.2, in which case a first anode is fabricated of an inert substance, and an optional second anode is fabricated of cadmium. After purifying the cathode (1) and the electrolyte (30), cadmium and tellurium are simultaneously deposited upon cathode (1). Stoichiometric balance is maintained to maximize the resistivity of the passivating CdTe layer (14). This is accomplished by regulating the deposition voltage of cathode (1) with respect to a saturated calomel electrode (22).

Abstract: An apparatus for the precise adjustment of the anode plane of a cell for the production of aluminum by electrolysis of alumina dissolved in the molten cryolite of which the anodic system comprises a plurality of prebaked anodes arranged in two parallel lines and provided with suspension rods connected electrically to an anode bus bar which permits the positive intake of current.