Abstract: An exhaust gas sensor element has an electrolyte body, an inner electrode disposed on an inner surface of the electrolyte body, an outer electrode disposed on an outer surface of the electrolyte body, and a ground isolating coating disposed over the outer electrode. The ground isolating coating is typically alumina and extends from an active end of the electrolyte body toward an opposing end of the electrolyte body. The invention also includes a method for constructing a gas sensor element, the steps of which comprise forming an electrolyte body having an inner surface and an outer surface, applying an electrode ink to the inner surface to form an inner electrode and to the outer surface to form an outer electrode, and depositing a combination poison resistant/ground isolating coating, which is typically alumina, over the outer surface such that the combination coating extends from an active end of the electrolyte body toward an opposing end of the electrolyte body.

Abstract: A biosensor for determining the concentration of an analyte, such as, for example, ALT, in a sample of biological fluid, such as, for example, whole blood, comprising: (a) a base layer; (b) a detecting layer comprising a reference electrode and a working electrode, the surface of the electrically conductive portion of the working electrode being sufficiently smooth so that determination of the concentration of an analyte present in a low concentration, e.g., less than 1 mM, can be made; (c) a layer overlying said electrodes, said layer comprising dried reagents; and (d) an anticoagulant disposed in such a location that it will prevent the sample from coagulating during the determination. The biosensor preferably further includes a fluid-transporting layer to aid in delivering the sample from a sample application zone to the electrodes.

Abstract: Capillary columns (102) pass through and are inserted in a rubber plate (14), held and fixed by elastic force of rubber, and two-dimensionally arranged on a sample injection side. It fixes the capillary columns (102) arranged on a plane in close contact by holding the same with a holder plate (6a) from below and with a rubber plate (16) from above on a detection side. In order to press the capillary columns (102) against the holder plate 6a and fix the same with the rubber plate (16), a holder plate (6b) fixing the rubber plate (16) to the holder plate (6a) on both sides of the arrangement of the capillary columns (102) is provided.

Abstract: The inventive prove (10) for taking samples of an analyte located in the fluid medium has a membrane which closes the probe (10) to the outside and which is permeable to the analyte, a flow-through cell which is configured behind the membrane, a probe part (14) with at least one incoming line and one outgoing line leading to or from the flow-through cell, and a membrane holder (160) which, together with the membrane, forms a replaceable unit of the probe part (14) together with the incoming line and outgoing line.

Abstract: Disclosed herein is a planar exhaust gas sensor for sensing the partial pressure of a gas in an exhaust. The sensing element has a modified, non-rectangular overall geometry. A terminal end of the element, onto which external sensor circuits can be attached, has a larger width than a sensor end of the element, in which is located the sensing cell. The reduced size of the sensor end of the element relative allows for more rapid attainment of operating temperature and lower energy consumption.

Abstract: Methods are provided for determining a dissociation constant for each one of at least a portion of a set of compounds. The methods include contacting a solution of the set of compounds with a membrane mimetic surface exhibiting a non-specific compound-dependent affinity for at least the portion of the compounds. A parameter dependent on the non-specific affinity of the surface for each one of at least the portion of the set of compounds in the test solution is measured and used to calculate the dissociation constant.

Abstract: A combined toxic gas sensor and an oxygen sensor includes a sensor body 1 with a top plate 2 provided with a toxic gas diffusion barrier 3 leading to a chamber 7 from having an outlet aperture 5 registering with the diffusion barrier 6 of the oxygen sensor.

Abstract: A metal anode useful in a galvanic or impressed current cathodic protection system for a steel reinforced concrete article is a unitary, multi-plane, porous, metal anode strip or ribbon having a plurality of louvers defining a plane or planes at the lateral extremities of said louvers. In one embodiment, louvers extending in their long dimension longitudinally on the anode strip are spaced apart from adjacent louver units by an intermediate plane. Louvered anode strips consisting of a valve metal or alloy or mixture thereof are useful at an anode current density of up to about 20 milliamps per square foot. Louvered metal anodes comprising an electrocatalytically active coating on a valve metal substrate are useful at higher anode current densities. Sacrificial metal anodes such as zinc anodes are useful in galvanic cathodic protection systems.

Abstract: Apparatus for simultaneous loading of multiple samples for molecular separation, including a separation area with walls, at least one of the walls has apertures having loading sites, a gel located within the separation area, and a plurality of wells within the gel. The loading sites are offset with respect to the wells. The apertures are connected to the plurality of wells by channels structurally configured to convey samples from the apertures to the wells, and apparatus for electrophoresis separation having an electrophoresis area, an electrophoresis gel located within the electrophoresis area, and multiple rows of wells within the electrophoresis gel, wherein the rows are arranged in an alternating staggered format. A method for simultaneous loading of multiple samples into the electrophoresis apparatus.

Abstract: Electrochemical test strip cards that can be singulated to produce electrochemical test strips are provided. The electrochemical test cards are made up of two or more electrochemical test strip precursors, where each precursor is characterized by the presence of a dry reagent housing reaction chamber bounded by opposing electrodes. In gaseous communication with each reaction chamber of the card is an integrated desiccant. Also provided are methods of using the subject electrochemical test strips cards, as well as kits that include the same. The subject test strips and cards find use in the detection/concentration determination of a number of different analytes, including glucose.

Abstract: A circuit configuration for generating a virtual ground includes a micro-controller, an analog circuit and a read-only memory. A pulse-width modulated signal, which is output by the micro-controller, is converted, by using the analog circuit, into the virtual ground as a common reference potential of an exhaust probe which operates according to the principle of the galvanic oxygen concentration cell with a solid electrolyte. The actual value of the virtual ground is read into the micro-controller through the use of an A/D converter and is compared with a predefined setpoint value. The potential value of the virtual ground is then controlled on the basis of the difference value. An exhaust probe configuration is also provided.

Abstract: Rapid, sensitive detection of analytes in small-scale samples is achieved with an analytical method in which samples are adsorbed on a sorbent material and probed spectroscopically. The method is suitable for monitoring the progress of reactions in combinatorial screening experiments.

Abstract: An electrochemical sensor (A, A′) is specific for the detection of peroxyacetic acid in a solution which also contains hydrogen peroxide. A potential is applied between a reference electrode (120, 120′) and a working electrode (118, 118′). A read voltage (FIG. 7) is selectively pulsed across a counter electrode (122, 122′) and the working electrode. The current flowing between the working electrode and the counter electrode is dependent on the peroxyacetic acid concentration in the solution (FIG. 6). By careful selection of the read voltage, the contribution of hydrogen peroxide to the current flow is virtually negligible. The sensor effectively measures peroxyacetic acid concentrations in the range generally employed in sterilization and disinfection baths (100-3000 ppm.).

Abstract: A gas sensor including a housing containing at least a sensing electrode, a counter electrode, a test electrode, and electrolyte means in contact with such electrodes. The housing permits gas from the environment to flow to the sensing electrode. The gas sensor is operable either in a normal mode of operation in which potentials are applied to the electrodes for detecting when a gas to be sensed is present at the sensing electrode, or in a test mode of operation in which potentials are applied to the electrodes so that the test electrode generates a gas which flows to the sensing electrode to enable an indication whether the sensor is operating correctly.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a reference electrode for a potentiometric electrode system, characterized in that the junction in contact with a sample solution is enlarged and an ion-sensitive membrane containing an ion selective material as a protective membrane for the inner reference solution is employed, which comprises a substrate; a metal layer; an insoluble metal salt layer; an insulating film for insulating the metal layer from an aqueous solution; a hydrogel serving as an inner reference solution; the junction on the hydrogel contacting with a sample solution; the ion-sensitive, protective membrane formed over all surface areas of the hydrogel, except for the junction, to separate the sample solution from the inner reference solution or act as an ion-sensing membrane upon the contamination of the junction, whereby the operational abnormality caused by junction contamination may be easily checked and fast activation may be achieved.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a gas sensor, including a substrate electrode layer forming step, and a surface electrode layer forming step. The gas sensor includes first and second processing spaces, an oxygen concentration detection element, an oxygen pumping element, an oxidation catalyst and a combustible gas component concentration detection element.

Abstract: A method and corresponding apparatus useful for the in situ measurement of atomic hydrogen permeation into carbon steel from process streams including: (a) a positively-charged test specimen electrode consisting of a planar member of hydrogen damage-resistant steel alloy having an interior surface, the interior surface being provided with a coating of palladium, and an exterior surface that is placed in contact with the process stream; (b) a fluid-tight reservoir containing a basic liquid electrolyte solution in communication with the palladium coating of the test specimen electrode; (c) a negatively charged counter electrode positioned in the electrolyte reservoir proximate the test specimen electrode said reservoir, test specimen electrode and counter electrode constituting a probe assembly; (d) a mounting assembly for supporting and positioning said probe assembly in contact with a process stream and for receiving electrical conductors joined to said probe assembly; and (e) an electrically non-conduct

Abstract: An objective gas is successively introduced into first and second chambers which are connected via a narrow passage. A first monitor cell, provided on a surface of the first chamber, generates an electromotive force representing an oxygen concentration in the first chamber. A second monitor cell, provided on a surface of the second chamber, generates an electromotive force representing an oxygen concentration in the second chamber. A voltage applied to a pump cell is controlled based on the electromotive forces obtained from the first and second monitor cells.

Abstract: The present invention provides an integrated, fully automated, high-throughput system for two-dimensional electrophoresis comprised of gel-making machines, gel processing machines, gel compositions and geometries, gel handling systems, sample preparation systems, software and methods. The system is capable of continuous operation at high-throughput to allow construction of large quantitative data sets.

Abstract: A corrosion resistance treatment for ductile iron pipe placed in corrosive environments provides a corrosion resistant coating from an aluminum-silicon alloy which is applied by thermal spraying or arc spraying onto the material. The alloy contains 88% aluminum and 12% silicon by weight. The aluminum provides corrosion resistance due to cathodic action and protects the pipe even when the coating is damaged. The silicon in the alloy provides greater strength to the otherwise malleable aluminum coating to resist damage to the coating during shipping, handling and installation.