Abstract: The present invention relates to a transmission liquid flow cell capable of high rates of liquid flows regardless of the optical pathlength of the cell. This increase in the cell's internal flow rate is provided by an internal bypass created around the circumference of the windows. The high rate of internal flow of liquid around the circumference of the windows and in direct contact with the liquid between the windows provides a push-pull action that urges the flow of liquid through the gap between the windows. The faster the circumferential flow, the stronger the push-pull action. The cell is used for the measurement of the absorption of light passing through a liquid sample contained in the gap between the cell's windows.

Abstract: The invention relates to a method for inspection of periodic structures on lithography masks using a microscope with adjustable illumination and an operating element for movement of a mechanical stage with the lithography mask attached to it in order to record images of the lithography mask at a computer-controlled location on the lithography mask. The position, the size and the pitch specification of the lithography mask are stored.

Abstract: The liquid crystal display device of the present invention includes a liquid crystal cell having a liquid crystal layer including liquid crystal molecules having a positive dielectric anisotropy, and a pair of polarizers and at least one phase difference compensator that are provided outside the liquid crystal cell. The liquid crystal display device of the present invention displays an image in a normally black mode. A pair of electrodes provided so as to interpose the liquid crystal layer therebetween produce a transverse electric field component parallel to the plane of the liquid crystal layer in the presence of an applied voltage, and the orientation axis direction, which is defined by the azimuth angle of the orientation direction of the liquid crystal molecules near the center of the liquid crystal layer in the thickness direction thereof, is changed by the transverse electric field component.

Abstract: A TFT LCD and the method of making the same are provided to prevent short circuits occurred between metal lines and transparent pixel electrodes. An insulating layer is provided to overlay the entire metal layer except the intersection areas for forming contact windows. Then, the transparent conductive layer is provided to form pixel electrodes and interconnection lines. Thus, even transparent conductive layer is not etched clearly and forming residuals, the residuals will not cause short circuits between the metal lines and transparent pixel electrodes. Eventually, the production yield rate can be increased. Moreover, a second metal layer is deposed under the transparent conductive layer to reduce the resistance of the interconnection lines.