Abstract: A ceramic reflector (100) for at least one IR lamp comprises at least one elongated concave reflector body (102). Each of the at least one elongated concave reflector bodies comprises an elongated bottom section and two elongated upstanding walls. Each of the elongated concave reflector bodies is provided for containing at least one IR lamp (150) and for reflecting the IR light from the at least one IR lamp. Each elongated concave reflector body has in each cross section at both of its upstanding walls a wall height. The wall height is the vertical distance between the deepest level of the bottom section of the reflector body and the highest level of the upstanding wall. At one or at both longitudinal ends of at least one reflector body; the wall height is at both upstanding walls larger than in the middle section of the elongated concave reflector body.

Abstract: The invention relates to an electric fluid heating device (1) comprising: at least one fluid inlet (7), at least one fluid outlet (11), at least one heating element (13), at least one first temperature sensor (21) for measuring the temperature of said at least one heating element (13), and a control module (15) of the at least one heating element (13). According to the invention, the device (1) comprises at least a second temperature sensor (23) for measuring the temperature of the fluid at the at least one outlet (11), and the control module (15) comprises at least one processing means (17, 19, 35) for: using the temperature information (T21, T23) from the temperature sensors (21, 24), and for generating a command for the at least one heating element (13) according to the temperature information (T21, T23). The invention also relates to an associated heating circuit and method for managing the temperature.

Abstract: An infrared heating mechanism and device are provided. The infrared heating mechanism includes infrared heating tubes, wherein a plurality of reflection plates are disposed at intervals in a length direction of the infrared heating tubes, and mounting holes corresponding to the infrared heating tubes are provided on the reflection plates so that the reflection plates are sleeved on side walls of the infrared heating tubes.

Abstract: An electrically operated aerosol-generating system may include a reservoir configured to hold a liquid aerosol-forming substrate, an atomizer assembly configured to vaporize the liquid aerosol-forming substrate to form an aerosol, and a pump configured to convey the liquid aerosol-forming substrate from the reservoir to the atomizer assembly. The reservoir may include a substantially rigid housing and an inlet valve that is configured to allow air into the reservoir based on a pressure difference between an interior of the housing and an exterior of the housing exceeding a threshold pressure difference. This improves the reliability and efficiency of delivery of liquid to the wick. The system may further include a robust reservoir that is configured to at least partially mitigate liquid leakage between the reservoir interior and the reservoir exterior.

Abstract: A tankless water heater with an impeller flowmeter having multiple K factors significantly improving the accuracy of flowmeter readings, particularly at low water flow rates, such as under 1 gallon per minute. Rather than use a single K factor impeller flowmeter in a tankless water heater that is particularly inaccurate at low flow rates, this disclosure provides an impeller flowmeter with multiple K factors to obtain precise flow rate readings to precisely control heating of the water at low flow rates. The flowmeter has an onboard memory with multiple K factors stored for a controller to access and read. These multiple K factors are established for flowrates across the entire dynamic range of the flowmeter at the time it is manufactured. Just enough K factors are determined to provide good curve fitting. The flowmeter onboard memory is programmed with the multiple K factors.

Abstract: A method for heating an electrical bus in an electrical cabinet containing at least one current conversion device includes determining a temperature inside of the electrical cabinet. The method also includes determining a temperature outside of the electrical cabinet. Further, the method includes applying heat to the electrical bus via conduction when the temperature outside of the electrical cabinet is below a predetermined temperature threshold or a difference between the temperature inside of the electrical cabinet and the temperature outside of the electrical cabinet is less than a desired temperature difference.

Abstract: A portable heater that includes a ceramic substrate with a heating element configured to define a field of direct radiation, a heat reflector with a concave reflective surface configured to define a field of reflective radiation, a grill cover mounted on the heat reflector, where the ceramic substrate is mounted on an interior side of the grill cover with the heating element facing the concave reflective surface such that the field of direct radiation onto the concave reflective surface is unobstructed.

Abstract: The present application discloses a direct-heating type heater that includes a direct-heating type heater shell, a heating device arranged inside the direct-heating type heater shell, and a direct-heating type heater component, wherein at least one segment of the heating device is installed with a metal elastic device, and the inner wall of the direct-heating type heater shell corresponding to the heating device with no metal elastic device installed is partially or wholly provided with a helical groove structure. Such a heater solves the problem of the prior art that the heat transfer efficiency is low due to the low heat dissipation capability of ceramics, and also solves the problem that water temperature is not even as water passes through the heater quickly and the water cannot be mixed fully and homogeneously.

Abstract: Hot water heating system comprising one or more water heaters with at least one water heating mechanism, and a heating-control storage tank generally configured to store heated water in a temperature stratified manner where hotter water tends to be separated from cold water. The heating-control storage tank can receive thermal energy or hot water from the water heater, send thermal energy or water to the water heater as its makeup water, and provide hot water directly to end users. The water heater may or may not be used to provide hot water to end users. The system is electronically controlled using a processor, various sensors, a recirculation pump, and electronically actuated valves. Depending on hot water needs and energy costs, the system controls water heating schedule and amount of hot water stored in the heating-control storage tank by changing system operation modes to minimize energy costs while providing reliable service.

Abstract: This electronic cigarette (1) comprises: —a heating element (10) able to vapourize a substrate during a smoking period; —means (30) for measuring an approximation (AUIOMESOO, UIOMESOO) of a characteristic of the voltage (U10(t)) across the terminals of the heating element (10) during this smoking period, said approximation being measured across the terminals (BI, B2) of a circuit (500) no component of which exhibits intrinsic characteristics not disturbed by the inhalations; —means (30) of estimating an approximation (AU10TH(t), UIO-m(t)) of said characteristic of the voltage (U10(t)) across the terminals of the heating element (10) in the absence of inhalation during said smoking period; means (30) of calculating an intensity (F) representative of the intensity of the inhalations during said smoking period on the basis of an integration of the difference between said approximations during said smoking period; and —means (30) of estimating the said quantity of substrate vapourized by the heating element at le

Abstract: An ohmic heater for heating a conductive fluid has a plurality of electrodes mounted to a structure with spaces between the electrodes. The electrodes (14) are selectively connect to poles (38, 40) of a power supply, so that some electrodes are connected to the poles and others remain isolated from the poles. Shunting switches are provided for connecting two or more of the isolated electrodes to one another. The shunting switches allow formation of a large number of different connection schemes having a variety of different electrical conduction paths through fluid in the spaces and a variety of resistances between the poles with relatively few electrodes and spaces.

Abstract: Example embodiments relate to a cartridge including a housing, a pre-vapor formulation reservoir configured to store a pre-vapor formulation in the housing, a vaporizer, and an airflow diverter. The vaporizer may be configured to vaporize the pre-vapor formulation. The vaporizer may include a heater and a wick, the wick may be in fluid communication with the pre-vapor formulation reservoir, and the heater may be configured to vaporize at least a portion of the pre-vapor formulation in the wick to form a vapor. The heater may be positioned in a transverse direction in the housing, and the airflow diverter may be located on an opposite side of the heater relative to a mouth-end portion.

Abstract: A cartridge for an e-vaping device includes a reservoir configured to hold pre-vapor formulation, a vaporizer assembly configured to draw at least some of the pre-vapor formulation from the reservoir and vaporize the drawn pre-vapor formulation to form a vapor, and a superabsorbent polymer configured to absorb free water from pre-vapor formulation held in the reservoir. The superabsorbent polymer includes a cross-linked polyacrylate copolymer that is substantially inert to the pre-vapor formulation. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in a layer on one or more surfaces in the cartridge. The layer may include the superabsorbent polymer and a binder. The superabsorbent polymer may be included with the pre-vapor formulation in a formulation mixture. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in an interior of at least one element comprising the cartridge. The superabsorbent polymer may be included in a separate compartment in the reservoir.

Abstract: A cartridge for an e-vaping device includes an infrared sensor configured to measure infrared radiation emitted by at least a portion of a heating element coupled to a dispensing interface in the cartridge. The field of view of the infrared sensor may encompass an entirety of the heating element. The infrared sensor may be an infrared light emitting diode. The e-vaping device may include control circuitry configured to determine the temperature of the heating element based on sensor data generated by the infrared sensor and control the electrical power supplied to the cartridge based on the temperature of the heating element. The control circuitry may control the electrical power to maintain the temperature of the heating element below a threshold temperature. The control circuitry may determine the heating element temperature based on accessing at least a portion of the sensor data stored at a storage device in the cartridge.

Abstract: Dispensing of hot water having an adjustable temperature by way of a water outlet fitting that can be installed on a sink. This is achieved by a continuous flow heater and a measured value sensor arranged in a water inlet of the water outlet fitting as the hot water heater. The measured value sensor detects a measurement variable with regard to water flowing through the continuous flow heater (10). The water dispensing device has a control unit, which is designed to regulate a flow rate through the continuous flow heater as a function of measured values of the measured value sensor in order to adjust the temperature of the hot water.

Abstract: From a stage of preheating by a halogen lamp to irradiation with a flash by a flash lamp, a radiation thermometer is used for measuring the temperature of a back surface of a semiconductor wafer. A increased temperature ?T is determined by which the back surface of the semiconductor wafer is increased in temperature from the preheating temperature by irradiation with a flash. The specific heat of the semiconductor wafer has a known value. Further, the increased temperature ?T is proportionate to the magnitude of energy applied to a front surface of the semiconductor wafer by irradiation with a flash. Thus, a front surface attained temperature of the semiconductor wafer can be determined using the increased temperature ?T of the back surface of the semiconductor wafer during irradiation with a flash.

Abstract: An additive assembly for an e-vaping device includes an adsorbent material that includes adsorbed carbon dioxide. The additive assembly may be in fluid communication with a vaporizer assembly that forms a generated vapor. The adsorbent material may release the carbon dioxide into the generated vapor based on at least a portion of the generated vapor adsorbing on the adsorbent material. The additive assembly may include a flavor material including a flavorant. The adsorbent material may generate heat based on at least a portion of the generated vapor adsorbing on the adsorbent material, and the flavor material may release flavorant into the generated vapor based at least in part on the heat generated by the adsorbent material. One or more of the adsorbent material and the flavor material may be included in beads. Adsorbent material and flavor material may be included in multiple additive structures within the additive assembly.

Abstract: The present disclosure relates to aerosol delivery devices. The aerosol delivery devices may include a control body and a cartridge including an atomizer and a reservoir configured to contain an aerosol precursor composition. The control body may include a housing defining an electrical power source cavity that extends along a first longitudinal axis and is configured to receive an electrical power source. The control body may additionally include a coupler configured to engage a cartridge including an aerosol precursor composition such that the cartridge extends along a second longitudinal axis. The first longitudinal axis and the second longitudinal axis may be non-coaxial and oriented substantially parallel to one another. A related assembly method is also provided.

Abstract: The present invention relates to a heating system for heating a fluid medium, said heating system comprises a carrier unit and a heating unit, with the carrier unit having a surface comprising at least a plane portion being at least substantially normal to a longitudinal axis and an at least part-circularly shaped groove extending from said carrier unit and wound about the longitudinal axis, and the heating unit having a heating element at least partially arranged in said groove of said carrier unit. In the inventive heating system, the groove extends at least partially helically about the longitudinal axis. The present invention further relates to a heated conveyor pump for conveying and heating a fluid medium, said pump comprises a drive unit, a pump housing and the inventive heating system.

Abstract: A radiant heater adapted to fit on the head of a hookah. The heater uses one or more resistance ribbons to generate heat which is transferred to shisha in the hookah. The heater includes a chimney which surrounds the resistance ribbon and provides a chimney siphoning to remove heat when the heater is not in use and a heat transfer plate which includes one or more projections to vent excess heat. Air is drawn through the top of the chimney and is heated by the resistance ribbon. The heated air mixes with cool air drawn through a ventilation space below the chimney and the mixed air drawn through one or more vents in a heat plate. The heat transfer plate and hot air vaporize the shisha.