Abstract: A signal separation system is used to discriminate cytoplasm of white blood cells from a sample of white blood. The signal separation system includes a light source generating light passed through a blood sample, a light separator for separating green and blue light beams from the light passed through the sample, first and second photoelectric converters for changing the green and the blue light beams to first and second electric signals, a signal treatment circuit which converts the first and the second electric signals to binary signals with respect to certain threshold levels and then forms a separation signal from the binary signals, and the gate circuit which separates the signal component of the white blood cells from the sample with the function of the separation signal.

Abstract: A glass ophthalmic lens which has been strengthened by thermal tempering or ion exchange treatment has increased impact resistance and durability, but such strengthening does not alter the appearance of the lens sufficiently to render the presence or absence of strengthening visually ascertainable even by one of high skill. It being necessary to inspect for the presence or absence of strengthening prior to dispensing lenses to the public, the present invention contemplates immersion of the lenses in a transparent liquid of approximately the same refractive index as the material of the lenses and projection of linearly polarized light through the fluid and lens. Viewing of the thus illuminated lens through a light polarizing analyzer reveals readily observable stress patterns in strengthened lenses and a lack of such patterns in non-strengthened lenses.

Abstract: In an opto-electronic focus detection system for determining a deviation between the plane of focussing of an objective and a radiation-reflecting surface the path of a focussing beam which is reflected by said surface includes an assembly of two radiation-sensitive detection elements. The difference in the output signals of said elements is proportional to said deviation. By disposing a lenslike element of which only the outer zone has a lens action before the detection elements, the measuring range can be extended while maintaining the sensitivity for small deviations.

Abstract: A tuner comprising a plurality of cylindrically assembled bases supported between a pair of support plates secured to a rotatable shaft, receiving circuit blocks for receiving waves in different frequency bands being provided in groups on the inner side of said bases, whereby it is possible to reduce the space requirement for the whole tuner construction and make ready adjustment of the individual receiving circuit blocks.

Abstract: A ground moisture testing and indicating device designed for quick and simple measurement of ground moisture by an untrained layman for use in connection with sowing seeds, transplanting saplings and young plants, and cultivating plants of all kinds by ascertaining the ground moisture at predetermined depths. The device is particularly useful in irrigated gardening and horticultural and agricultural farming. As conductivity of electrical current in soil varies with the content of moisture therein, the resistance of the soil is a direct function of the moisture content of the soil. The present device measures resistance of the soil at a given depth and thereby indicates the moisture of the soil at that point. A direct current voltage is generated to indicate such value by a suitable indicating device, such as a meter, a sound device utilizing a loudspeaker, or an earphone, or a visual device, such as a lamp or photodiode, etc., for detection and evaluation.

Abstract: Method and apparatus for measuring the water status of a plant by measuring the long term variations in biological electrical potential developed by the plant. The electrical potential developed by the plant is measured by placing a first electrical probe in the root environment of the plant and a second electrical probe in the body of the plant and measuring the electrical potential between the probes with an electrometer or a high impedance voltmeter. The measured potential is amplified and displayed to provide an indication of the combined water status of the plant and its root environment. Several plants or several points on a single plant may be monitored over a period of time ranging from a few days to several months by utilizing a plurality of probes and sequentially measuring the potential developed between predetermined various ones of the probes.

Abstract: An apparatus for measuring small angular displacement of any object having an attached light reflective surface. A reflecting mirror is attached to the test object for receiving a light beam from a light source and for reflecting the beam toward an angular excursion amplifier. A beam position detector is included in the angular excursion amplifier together with adjustable means for directing the beam toward the beam position sensor. A second beam is directed toward the angular excursion amplifier for impingement upon a reflector mounted upon the adjustable means in the angular excursion amplifier. The reflected second beam is directed toward a scale having a linear gradient calibrated in terms of angular excursion of the test object. In this fashion minute excursion angles of the test object are presented at the scale as amplified linear sweeps of the reflected second beam.

Abstract: A method for detecting the presence, location, and concentration of moisture in multiple layer built-up roofs. A plurality of spaced points are first marked and located on the roof to be tested. The relative dielectric constant of the roof at each of the spaced points is then measured, the measurements are recorded, and each measurement is associated with the location of the point at which the measurement was taken. The magnitude of the relative dielectric constant of the roof is proportional to the relative concentration of moisture in the roof covering, thus allowing the points at wet portions of the roof to be distinguished from points at dry portions of the roof. Statistical methods may be employed to better separate the measurements taken at dry points on the roof from measurements close in magnitude which are taken at wet points on the roof.

Abstract: In both the method and system for clearing the debris from the aperture of a particle study device combinations of pulses of predetermined, waveform amplitude and frequency are developed and coupled through the conductive fluid passing through the particle study device aperture. The pulses cause the fluid in the aperture to vaporize and form a gas. The gas explodes away any debris clogging the aperture as it escapes from the aperture.

Abstract: Display apparatus receives from a transducer a voltage analogue signal representing the parameter to be measured and uses the signal to produce an illuminated band-representation of the parameter by a series of semiconductor light emission devices. A zero value of the analogue signal is represented by a band terminating intermediate the ends of the series so that positive and negative analogue values are measured, and it is indicated, for example by flashing the illuminated band on and off, when the analogue value exceeds predetermined positive and negative tolerance limits which are both within the measuring range of the apparatus, the indication being such as to draw an operator's attention to the displayed out-of tolerance value.

Abstract: In an optical head moving device, there is provided a pair of parallel, spaced apart guide members having the axes thereof lying on a common plane. A movable member having engaging portions engaged with the pair of guide members and a connecting portion connecting together the engaging portions is provided on the guide members. An optical head for focusing a light beam introduced thereinto is securely mounted on the movable member in such a manner that the emergence-side principal point of the optical head lies on the plane containing the axes of the pair of guide members. Means is provided for introducing a light beam into the optical head. Mover means is provided for moving the movable means with the engaging portions thereof in engagement with the guide members, to thereby move the optical head.

Abstract: An instrument for determining the stress in the wall of a borehole by recording successively on the same holographic recording medium two holograms of a selected surface region of the wall, and, in the interval between the two recordings, forming a stress relief in the wall in stress relieving relation to the surface region to produce on the recording medium a double exposure hologram. This hologram contains holographic information which represents the stress in the wall in the vicinity of the surface region and may be converted to data defining the magnitude and direction of the stress.

Abstract: A gas detector comprises a plurality of semiconductor gas detector elements each exhibiting a different sensitivity for at least one gaseous conponent. The elements are electrically combined in an electrical circuit to provide an output indicating the existence of a particular gas in an atmosphere.

Abstract: Apparatus for measuring moisture in lumber and the like comprises a plurality of plates including at least one transmitting plate connected to a radio frequency generator, phase plates connected in circuit for providing an out of phase signal, and a receiver plate normally balanced to receive substantially zero signal input. Moist lumber next to the array of plates couples the radio frequency signal therealong and affects the balance of the system whereby the signal received at the receiver plate is in accordance with the moisture in the lumber.

Abstract: A particle analyzing device in which a suspension of particles in a fluid medium is passed through an aperture in a strip of plastic material, and the change in the conductivity of the suspension across the aperture, each time a particle flows through the aperture, is detected so that the number and volume of particles for a given quantity of the suspension can be determined. The strip can be provided with a plurality of scanning apertures and be selectively moved across the flow path to bring a new aperture into an operative position in the flow path, such as when an aperture becomes clogged by debris.

Abstract: The contaminants in the exhaust gas emissions from a motor vehicle such as carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbons (HC) are analyzed and the concentration of the contaminants together with other pertinent data is displayed in a digital manner. The exhaust gas emissions are fed into a sample cell contained within a nondispersive infrared analyzer and the absorption of an infrared radiation beam at selected wavelengths by the gas within the cell is measured. A reference cell containing a reference gas is also positioned in the infrared radiation beam path. By means of a rotating chopper disk positioned in the light path, the infrared radiation beam passes alternately through the reference cell and the sample cell and is focused at a plurality of detectors whch are each sensitized to a narrow wave band by a filter and which receive the alternate sample cell and reference cell radiation pulses.

Abstract: An electrochromic device comprises, in a layered structure, a first electrode, an electrochromic material, an electrolyte and a back electrode which is of a material different than said first electrode. The device is characterized as having a nonlinear voltage response, a well defined threshhold, and an internal electromotive force which is uniquely determined by the color state of the device.

Abstract: In the exemplary embodiment, a double-pole double-throw-C-MOS analog switch provides output signals alternately 180.degree. and 0.degree. with respect to the output of a single secondary winding on a current transformer, which single secondary winding is resistance terminated. The switch control signal is pulse-width modulated in proportion to the line voltage thus making the D.C. component of the net output from the analog switch proportional to the instantaneous product of line voltage and line current or power consumption. This power consumption signal is then conventionally processed to provide data indicating the total accumulated energy consumption in the monitored circuit.

Abstract: A carrier-injected avalanche device series connected to a forwardly-poled injection laser generates a current pulse, which may be as short as one nanosecond, through the injection laser only when both a direct current bias voltage is applied across this series connection from a charge supply and carriers have been injected into the device in response to the leading edge of a modulation trigger pulse. This current pulse through the injection laser is of sufficient magnitude to effect pumping thereof, so that the injection laser emits a corresponding pulse of coherent light, which may also be as short as one nanosecond.

Abstract: In a digital light deflector which includes electrooptical polarization switches and birefringent prisms the influence of undesirably deflected radiation can be suppressed by providing, behind the final deflection stage, a lens for spatially separating the undesirably deflected radiation from the signal radiation and a radiation chopper which comprises a plurality of elements and is controlled in synchronism with the polarization switches.