Abstract: In described examples, a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) includes a first element and a second element. The first element is mounted on a substrate and has a first contact surface. The second element is mounted on the substrate and has a second contact surface that protrudes from the second element to form an acute contact surface. The first element and/or the second element is/are operable to move in: a first direction, such that the first contact surface comes in contact with the second contact surface; and a second direction, such that the second contact surface separates from the first contact surface.

Abstract: A cargo bed extension system includes: a cargo bed; a tailgate configured to pivot to a down position via one or more first hinges, where the tailgate includes: an outer portion having first lateral sides and one or more second hinges; an inner portion having second lateral sides that are disposed adjacent to the first lateral sides when the tailgate is in the down position, where the inner portion is configured to rotate to a vertical position via the one or more second hinges, where the vertical position is approximately perpendicular to the down position; at least one first extension panel configured to move rearwardly and directly contact the inner portion when the inner portion is in the vertical position; and at least one second extension panel configured to move rearwardly and to directly contact the inner portion when the inner portion is in the vertical position.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for increasing fractional efficiency of diesel or gasoline particulate filters includes a particulate filter that includes a housing and a filter substrate positioned in the housing. The filter substrate is pre-conditioned with an aqueous solution or suspension configured to decompose or evaporate in response to exposure to heat so as to precondition the filter substrate.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for increasing fractional efficiency of diesel or gasoline particulate filters includes a particulate filter that includes a housing and a filter substrate positioned in the housing. The filter substrate is pre-conditioned with an aqueous solution or suspension configured to decompose or evaporate in response to exposure to heat so as to precondition the filter substrate.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for increasing fractional efficiency of diesel or gasoline particulate filters includes a particulate filter that includes a housing and a filter substrate positioned in the housing. The filter substrate is pre-conditioned with an aqueous solution or suspension configured to decompose or evaporate in response to exposure to heat so as to precondition the filter substrate.

Abstract: An exhaust aftertreatment system for increasing fractional efficiency of diesel or gasoline particulate filters includes a particulate filter that includes a housing and a filter substrate positioned in the housing. The filter substrate is pre-conditioned with an aqueous solution or suspension configured to decompose or evaporate in response to exposure to heat so as to precondition the filter substrate.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a selective catalytic reduction system for treating exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an inlet section that receives exhaust gases from the engine. The system includes a tank storing diesel exhaust fluid (“DEF”), a pump, a valve, and an injector each in fluid communication with each other. The injector is coupled to the inlet exhaust pipe and configured to inject DEF into the exhaust gases flowing through the inlet exhaust pipe in a plurality of pulses. Each of the plurality of pulses injects a constant volume of DEF into the inlet exhaust pipe. The system further includes a controller configured to operate the pump and the valve such that a time interval between successive constant volume pulses of the plurality of pulses is varied based on a variable oxides of nitrogen content of the exhaust gases.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system includes a filtration and reduction unit. The filtration and reduction unit comprises a housing defining an internal volume. A filter is disposed in the internal volume and is configured to substantially remove particulates from the exhaust gas. A selective catalytic reduction system is disposed in the internal volume downstream of the filter and is configured to selectively reduce a portion of the exhaust gas. A first catalyst is formulated to oxidize at least a portion of the exhaust gas. An intake pipe is disposed upstream of the filtration and reduction unit and configured to communicate the exhaust gas o the filtration and reduction unit. The first catalyst is disposed in the intake pipe. An exhaust pipe is disposed downstream of the filtration and reduction unit.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysis.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a selective catalytic reduction system for treating exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an inlet section that receives exhaust gases from the engine. The system includes a tank storing diesel exhaust fluid (“DEF”), a pump, a valve, and an injector each in fluid communication with each other. The injector is coupled to the inlet exhaust pipe and configured to inject DEF into the exhaust gases flowing through the inlet exhaust pipe in a plurality of pulses. Each of the plurality of pulses injects a constant volume of DEF into the inlet exhaust pipe. The system further includes a controller configured to operate the pump and the valve such that a time interval between successive constant volume pulses of the plurality of pulses is varied based on a variable oxides of nitrogen content of the exhaust gases.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system includes a filtration and reduction unit. The filtration and reduction unit comprises a housing defining an internal volume. A filter is disposed in the internal volume and is configured to substantially remove particulates from the exhaust gas. A selective catalytic reduction system is disposed in the internal volume downstream of the filter and is configured to selectively reduce a portion of the exhaust gas. A first catalyst is formulated to oxidize at least a portion of the exhaust gas. An intake pipe is disposed upstream of the filtration and reduction unit and configured to communicate the exhaust gas o the filtration and reduction unit. The first catalyst is disposed in the intake pipe. An exhaust pipe is disposed downstream of the filtration and reduction unit.

Abstract: Various embodiments relate to a selective catalytic reduction system for treating exhaust gases of an internal combustion engine. The system includes an inlet section that receives exhaust gases from the engine. The system includes a tank storing diesel exhaust fluid (“DEF”), a pump, a valve, and an injector each in fluid communication with each other. The injector is coupled to the inlet exhaust pipe and configured to inject DEF into the exhaust gases flowing through the inlet exhaust pipe in a plurality of pulses. Each of the plurality of pulses injects a constant volume of DEF into the inlet exhaust pipe. The system further includes a controller configured to operate the pump and the valve such that a time interval between successive constant volume pulses of the plurality of pulses is varied based on a variable oxides of nitrogen content of the exhaust gases.

Abstract: An aftertreatment system includes a filtration and reduction unit. The filtration and reduction unit comprises a housing defining an internal volume. A filter is disposed in the internal volume and is configured to substantially remove particulates from the exhaust gas. A selective catalytic reduction system is disposed in the internal volume downstream of the filter and is configured to selectively reduce a portion of the exhaust gas. A first catalyst is formulated to oxidize at least a portion of the exhaust gas. An intake pipe is disposed upstream of the filtration and reduction unit and configured to communicate the exhaust gas to the filtration and reduction unit. The first catalyst is disposed in the intake pipe. An exhaust pipe is disposed downstream of the filtration and reduction unit.

Abstract: Methods and apparatus allow a user to easily deploy and position an assembled shield, both independent of a backpack and when attached to the backpack.

Abstract: A selective catalytic reduction system may include a single housing defining a single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include a diesel particulate filter disposed within the single housing and having a DPF center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. The selective catalytic reduction system may also include an SCR catalyst disposed within the single housing and having a center axis aligned with the single centerline axis. In some implementations, the diesel particulate filter may include one or more SiC filters. In some implementations, the SCR catalyst may include one or more extruded SCR catalysts.