Abstract: A method of terminating two or more constituent encoders of a turbo encoder employing a turbo code, comprising the step of: generating tail input bits at each of two or more constituent encoders, including deriving the tail input bits from each of the two or more constituent encoders separately from a contents of shift registers within each of the two or more constituent encoders, after an encoding of information bits by the two or more constituent encoders; puncturing one or more tail output bits such that 1/R output tail bits are transmitted for each of a plurality of trellis branches, wherein R is a turbo code rate employed by the turbo encoder during an information bit transmission. In yet another variation, the step of puncturing the tail output bits further comprises the step of: transmitting, during trellis termination, the tail output bits, only if they are sent from an output branch of one of the two or more constituent encoders that are used during information bit transmission.

Abstract: A method of terminating two or more constituent encoders of a turbo encoder employing a turbo code, comprising the step of: generating tail input bits at each of two or more constituent encoders, including deriving the tail input bits from each of the two or more constituent encoders separately from a contents of shift registers within each of the two or more constituent encoders, after an encoding of information bits by the two or more constituent encoders; puncturing one or more tail output bits such that 1/R output tail bits are transmitted for each of a plurality of trellis branches, wherein R is a turbo code rate employed by the turbo encoder during an information bit transmission. In yet another variation, the step of puncturing the tail output bits further comprises the step of: transmitting, during trellis termination, the tail output bits, only if they are sent from an output branch of one of the two or more constituent encoders that are used during information bit transmission.

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting encoded signals over a communication channel is disclosed. The system includes a transmitter, which has a source that outputs a message signal. The transmitter also includes an encoder that generates a code word in response to the message signal. The code word has a construction that defines a plurality of paths associated with an intersymbol interference (ISI) environment of the communication channel, wherein the code word achieves a diversity based upon the number of transmit antennas and the number of ISI paths. Further, the transmitter includes a modulator that modulates the code word for transmission over the communication channel, and multiple antennas that transmit the modulated code word over the communication channel. The system encompasses a receiver that receives the transmitted code word via a number of receive antennas.

Abstract: A method of providing forward error correction for data services uses a parallel concatenated convolutional code which is a Turbo Code comprising a plurality of eight-state constituent encoders wherein a plurality of data block sizes are used in conjunction with said Turbo Code. A variation uses the method in a cellular radio system. Another variation uses the method in both forward and reverse likes of a cellular radio system.

Abstract: A method of terminating two or more constituent encoders of a turbo encoder employing a turbo code, comprising the step of: generating tail input bits at each of two or more constituent encoders, including deriving the tail input bits from each of the two or more constituent encoders separately from a contents of shift registers within each of the two or more constituent encoders, after an encoding of information bits by the two or more constituent encoders; puncturing one or more tail output bits such that 1/R output tail bits are transmitted for each of a plurality of trellis branches, wherein R is a turbo code rate employed by the turbo encoder during an information bit transmission. In yet another variation, the step of puncturing the tail output bits further comprises the step of: transmitting, during trellis termination, the tail output bits, only if they are sent from an output branch of one of the two or more constituent encoders that are used during information bit transmission.

Abstract: A method of interleaving blocks of indexed data of varying length is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a set of basic Interleavers comprising a family of one or more permutations of the indexed data and having a variable length; selecting one of the basic Interleavers based upon a desired Interleaver length L; and adapting the selected basic Interleaver to produce an Interleaver having the desired Interleaver length L.

Abstract: A method of interleaving blocks of indexed data of varying length is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a set of basic Interleavers comprising a family of one or more permutations of the indexed data and having a variable length; selecting one of the basic Interleavers based upon a desired Interleaver length L; and adapting the selected basic Interleaver to produce an Interleaver having the desired Interleaver length L.

Abstract: A method of interleaving blocks of indexed data of varying length is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a set of basic Interleavers comprising a family of one or more permutations of the indexed data and having a variable length; selecting one of the basic Interleavers based upon a desired Interleaver length L; and adapting the selected basic Interleaver to produce an Interleaver having the desired Interleaver length L.

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting encoded signals over a communication channel is disclosed. The system includes a transmitter, which has a source that is configured to output a message signal, and an encoder that is configured to generate a code word in response to the message signal. The code word is based upon a stacking construction that is generalized for the communication channel. The communication channel is characterized as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) block fading channel. The transmitter also includes a modulator that is configured to modulate the code word for transmission over the communication channel. Further, the transmitter includes a plurality of transmit antennas that are configured to transmit the modulated code word over the communication channel. The system also includes a receiver, which has a plurality of receive antennas. The receiver is configured to receive the transmitted code word via the plurality of receive antennas.

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting encoded signals over a communication channel is disclosed. The system includes a transmitter, which has a source that is configured to output a plurality of input signals. The transmitter also includes an encoder that is configured to generate a plurality of output signals in response to the plurality of the input signals to output a code word according to the plurality of output signals, wherein the code word has a predetermined algebraic construction for space-frequency coding based upon the communication channel being characterized as a frequency selective block fading channel. Further, the transmitter includes a modulator that is configured to modulate the code word for transmission over the communication channel, and a plurality of transmit antennas that configured to transmit the modulated code word over the communication channel.

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting encoded signals over a communication channel is disclosed. The system includes a transmitter, which has a source that is configured to output a message signal, and an encoder that is configured to generate a code word in response to the message signal. The code word is based upon a stacking construction that is generalized for the communication channel. The communication channel is characterized as a multi-input multi-output (MIMO) block fading channel. The transmitter also includes a modulator that is configured to modulate the code word for transmission over the communication channel. Further, the transmitter includes a plurality of transmit antennas that are configured to transmit the modulated code word over the communication channel. The system also includes a receiver, which has a plurality of receive antennas. The receiver is configured to receive the transmitted code word via the plurality of receive antennas.

Abstract: A communication system for transmitting encoded signals over a communication channel is disclosed. The system includes a transmitter, which has a source that outputs a message signal. The transmitter also includes an encoder that generates a code word in response to the message signal. The code word has a construction that defines a plurality of paths associated with an intersymbol interference (ISI) environment of the communication channel, wherein the code word achieves a diversity based upon the number of transmit antennas and the number of ISI paths. Further, the transmitter includes a modulator that modulates the code word for transmission over the communication channel, and multiple antennas that transmit the modulated code word over the communication channel. The system encompasses a receiver that receives the transmitted code word via a number of receive antennas.

Abstract: A method and apparatus for Turbo encoding uses a set of rate-compatible Turbo Codes optimized at high code rates and derived from a universal constituent code. The Turbo Codes have rate-compatible puncturing patterns. The method comprises: encoding a signal at a first and second encoder using a best rate 1/2 constituent code universal with higher code rates, the first encoder and the second encoder each producing a respective plurality of parity bits for each information bit; puncturing the respective plurality of parity bits at each encoder with a higher rate best puncturing patterns; and puncturing the respective plurality of parity bits at each encoder with a lower rate best puncturing pattern. In a variation, the best rate 1/2 constituent code represents a concatenation of polynomials 1+D2+D3 (octal 13) and 1+D+D3 (octal 15), D a data bit. A Turbo Encoder is provided which has hardware to implement the method.

Abstract: A method of interleaving blocks of indexed data of varying length is disclosed. The method includes the steps of: providing a set of basic Interleavers comprising a family of one or more permutations of the indexed data and having a variable length; selecting one of the basic Interleavers based upon a desired Interleaver length L; and adapting the selected basic Interleaver to produce an Interleaver having the desired Interleaver length L.

Abstract: A method of providing forward error correction for data services uses a parallel concatenated convolutional code which is a Turbo Code comprising a plurality of eight-state constituent encoders wherein a plurality of data block sizes are used in conjunction with said Turbo Code. A variation uses the method in a cellular radio system. Another variation uses the method in both forward and reverse likes of a cellular radio system.

Abstract: A method of terminating two or more constituent encoders of a turbo encoder employing a turbo code, comprising the step of: generating tail input bits at each of two or more constituent encoders, including deriving the tail input bits from each of the two or more constituent encoders separately from a contents of shift registers within each of the two or more constituent encoders, after an encoding of information bits by the two or more constituent encoders; puncturing one or more tail output bits such that 1/R output tail bits are transmitted for each of a plurality of trellis branches, wherein R is a turbo code rate employed by the turbo encoder during an information bit transmission. In yet another variation, the step of puncturing the tail output bits further comprises the step of: transmitting, during trellis termination, the tail output bits, only if they are sent from an output branch of one of the two or more constituent encoders that are used during information bit transmission.

Abstract: A golf mat of grass-like material includes top and bottom pads each of which includes belting material which substantially strengthens them and protects the base mat form damage from golf clubs striking it. The golf tee extends only through the top pad and not through the base mat and the belting material of the top pad presents any enlargement of the hole through the top pad which includes felt carpet which also gives a grass-like appearance. The top pad is loosely secured to the base pad and may be raised at its center for replacement of the tee and the top pad absorbs energy from the golf club due to its ability to move relative to the base mat when it is struck. The pad may be replaced through operation of the bolts at its opposite ends. The turf layer includes filaments of yarn such as tufts partially exposed on the bottom side adjacent fabric-like material exposed on the top side of the layer of belting material.

Abstract: A golf mat of grass-like material includes top and bottom pads each of which includes belting material which substantially strengthens them and protects the base mat from damage from golf clubs striking it. The golf tee extends only through the top pad and not through the base mat and the belting material of the top pad prevents any enlargement of the hole through the top pad which includes felt carpet which also gives a grass-like appearance. The top pad is loosely secured to the base mat and may be raised at its center for replacement of the tee and the top pad absorbs energy from the golf club due to its ability to move relative to the base mat when it is struck. The pad may be replaced through operation of the bolts at its opposite ends.In an alternate embodiment the turf layer includes filaments of yarn such as tufts partially exposed on the bottom side adjacent fabric-like material exposed on the top side of the layer of belting material.

Abstract: A system to process employee and job data, in a shop having a number of mechanic employees and a number of machines, including at least a first employee-input station, a second timekeeping station, and a third management station. A printer and a computer at the second station includes a program in the computer calculating from employee clocking of time and jobs the employee hours, the time spent on each job, accumulated job hours, and percentages of completions of jobs. Cathode Ray Tube (CRT) displays and keyboards are at each station. The keyboards at the first and third stations being special purpose keyboards primarily concerning employee clock-in and clock-out on each job and several cost-class keys that can be associated with various jobs. The program computes different costs on jobs depending on the use of cost-class keys. The first station has a listing of jobs and employees by character.

Abstract: A golf mat of grass-like material includes top and bottom pads, each of which includes belting material which substantially strengthens them and protects the mat from damage from golf clubs striking it. The golf tee extends only through the top pad and not through the mat and the belting material of the top pad prevents any enlargement of the hole through the top pad which includes felt carpet which also gives a grass-like appearance. The top pad is loosely secured to the mat and may be raised at its center for replacement of the tee, and the top pad absorbs energy from the golf club due to its ability to move relative to the mat when it is struck. The pad may be replaced through operation of the bolts at its opposite ends.