Abstract: A wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU) and methods to transmit uplink protocol data units (PDUs) associated with a quality of service (QOS) flow with differing priority levels on a per-PDU basis are disclosed. A WTRU receives WTRU packet data unit (PDU) set detection rules from a network entity such as a session management function (SMF). The WTRU receives, from higher layers, a PDU associated with a quality of service (QOS) flow for uplink transmission. The WTRU determines a priority level of the received PDU, irrespective of the associated QoS, based on the WTRU PDU set detection rules and determines a data radio bearer (DRB) or logical channel to transmit the PDU based on the determined priority level. Additional embodiments are disclosed.

Abstract: Enhancement of discovery and PC5 connection for PC5 based AI/ML is described herein. As will be described in greater detail below, a WTRU performs ProSe discover the other WTRU supporting PC5 based AI/ML splitting with consideration of supported AI/ML operation, the WTRU's capability. ProSe Discovery Code may be enhanced to include supported AI/ML model for the application using PC5 based AI/ML. The WTRU's capability information or class information of the WTRU's capability may be included for Discovery. Some of those information can be negotiated during or after PC5 Connection setup as alternative.

Abstract: Systems and methods are described herein for service application programming interface (API) discovery based on a server dataset using the common API framework. A common API framework (CAPIF) may enable server and/or API discovery based on a server's dataset and/or private dataset. A CAPIF core function (CCF) may perform server and/or API discovery, for example, in scenarios where the CCF may have limited access or no access to a server's dataset.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for local mobile metaverse service enablers, such as an enabler implemented in a Wireless Transmit/Receive Unit (WTRU). For example, a method may include determining, by a WTRU service enabler hosted by a WTRU, that one or more application clients hosted by the WTRU are interested in available local content. The method may include obtaining, by the WTRU service enabler, the available local content. The method may include providing, by the WTRU service enabler to the one or more application clients, the available local content.

Abstract: Systems and methods are disclosed for adjusting quality of service (QoS) based on the speed, location, and trajectory of a wireless transmit receive unit (WTRU). A first network node, such as a radio access network (RAN), may receive QoS profiles from a second node, like a session management function (SMF), and a profile may be associated with WTRU movement parameters and indices. Upon detecting changes in the WTRU's speed, location, or trajectory, the first network node may select an appropriate QoS profile and sends an index for the profile to the WTRU and a third node, such as a user plane function (UPF), to synchronize QoS handling.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for user plane traffic gating based on energy cost. A policy control function, PCF, may be configured with information related to energy cost criteria or strategy. The PCF may be triggered, using the information, to obtain energy cost information from the network, e.g., from an energy efficiency control function, EECF. The PCF may use the energy cost measurement/information obtained from the EECF, and the energy cost criteria or strategy information to determine whether and which service flows need to be blocked. The PCF may include this information in one or more policy and charging control, PCC, rules that correspond to the service flows of interest, and may provide this information to a session management function, SMF, to further send corresponding one or more N4 rules to the user plane function, UPF.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) may receive a power reporting policy from a network node. The power reporting policy may include one or more triggers associated with sending a power status report. The WTRU may determine that a trigger of the one or more triggers associated with sending the power status report has been satisfied. The WTRU may send the power status report to the network node in accordance with the power reporting policy. The power status report may include power status information associated with the WTRU and/or an indication that indicates the determined trigger to send the power status report.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products relating to linked QoS flow (LQF) configuration and/or operation. A method may include receiving LQF configuration information indicating any of (1) one or more QoS flows (2) a mutually exclusive indication indicating that the QoS flows are used mutually exclusively, (3) an identifier associated with a LQF group comprising the QoS flows. The method may include setting up the QoS flows based on the LQF configuration information, receiving a data unit comprising an urgency indicator indicating an urgency associated with the data unit and a QoS flow in the LQF group, selecting an active LQF based on the urgency indicator, and transmitting the data unit over the active LQF.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are disclosed herein for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and/or a network. A WTRU may include a processor configured to detect a request to create a service association (SA). The request may indicate a coherent resource and/or indicate policy information associated with creating a coherent resource policy. The WTRU may generate the coherent resource policy based on the coherent resource and the policy information. The WTRU may generate an SA create message. The SA create message may include an indication of the coherent resource and the coherent resource policy. The WTRU may send the SA create message to a network node. The SA create message may indicate a request to create the SA based on the coherent resource and/or the coherent resource policy. The WTRU may receive an SA create response message from the network node.

Abstract: A method performed by a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) for secure policy provisioning includes receiving a network message including new policy information, a first policy message authentication code (MAC) generated by a network (P-MAC-N), and a policy protection counter (PPC). The WTRU generates a second policy MAC using a security key shared with the network, the new policy information, and the PPC, and verifies the integrity of the network message by determining that the P-MAC-N matches the second policy MAC. After the verification, the WTRU updates the previous policy information of the WTRU using the new policy information based on the match of the P-MAC-N and the second policy MAC.

Abstract: A procedure is provided on how a target WTRU and LMF negotiate for supported WTRU initiated positioning method, and how the target WTRU discovers reference WTRUs for SL positioning and perform proper SL positioning with multiple reference WTRUs. A procedure is provided on how to perform SL positioning between target WTRU and reference WTRUs in coordination with LMF. The proper SL positioning method may be updated when the available number of reference WTRUs change. Each WTRU positioning method needs a different number of reference WTRUs for SL positioning. As the WTRU moves around, there may not be enough reference WTRUs available for SL positioning. A negotiation may be considered between the WTRU and network for a positioning method to be employed. When certain WTRU positioning methods are not possible, the requested positioning method may be updated to one or more other available positioning methods.

Abstract: A vertical federated learning (VFL) server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The VFL server may send a discovery request to a network repository function (NRF). The discovery request may comprise a VFL configuration identifier (ID). The VFL configuration ID may be supported by the VFL server. The discovery request may indicate that the VFL server is configured to discover one or more VFL clients. The one or more VFL clients may support the VFL configuration ID. The VFL server may receive a discovery response. The discovery response may comprise a list of one or more VFL clients that support the VFL configuration ID. The WTRU may select one or more VFL clients from the list of VFL clients. The WTRU may perform sample alignment on the selected one or more VFL clients.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products for reporting of measurements. A wireless transmit-receive unit (WTRU) may initiate a multi-access packet data unit (MA PDU) session establishment request, incorporating energy-aware access traffic steering, switching and splitting (ATSSS) capabilities and an indication of preferred energy-based user plane optimization. The session management function (SMF) receives the request and sends a session management (SM) policy association create to the policy control function (PCF). The PCF obtains an energy estimate report for traffic flows and QoS flows, for both access legs of the MA PDU session, uses the report to generate policy and charging control (PCC) rules, and sends these rules to the SMF, which derives ATSSS rules for the WTRU and N4 rules for the user plane function (UPF), that include energy aware traffic steering policies.

Abstract: A method, implemented in a WTRU is described herein. The method may include (i) receiving energy information associated with a plurality of gateways, (ii) selecting a first gateway from the plurality of gateways based on the energy information, (iii) connecting to the first gateway, (iv) sending a first request message for establishing a first connection, the first request message being associated with the first gateway, (v) receiving a response message indicating that a second gateway may be to be selected by the WTRU from the plurality of gateways, the response message indicating one or more gateways of the plurality of gateways to not be used for selecting the second gateway, (vi) selecting the second gateway based on the response message and the energy information, (vii) connecting to the second gateway and (viii) sending a second request message for establishing a second connection.

Abstract: Procedures, methods, architectures, apparatuses, systems, devices, and computer program products using wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) configured for receiving, from a second network node, a first request to obtain energy cost information associated with one or more data network access identifiers (DNAIs); sending, to a third network node, based on the first request, a second request to obtain the energy cost information associated with the one or more DNAIs; receiving, from the third network node, a response message comprising first information indicating energy cost associated with the one or more DNAIs; determining, based on the first information, a list of DNAIs from the one or more DNAIs; and sending, to the second network node, second information indicating the list of DNAIs.

Abstract: Disclosed herein are systems, methods, and instrumentalities associated with estimating and reporting an available data rate (ADR). A network device network device associated with a wireless communication network may determine an ADR associated with a data flow and a time period during which the ADR can be accommodated by the wireless communication network. The ADR may indicate a data rate capability of the wireless communication network with respect to the data flow, and the network device may determine, based at least on the ADR and the time period, whether to report the ADR to at least one other device. If the determination is to report the ADR, the network device may generate and transmit a report to the at least one other device, wherein the report may indicate at least one of the ADR or the time period.

Abstract: Systems, methods, and instrumentalities are described herein related to providing information about multi-modal services to a radio access network (RAN). In examples, a first network node may receive information associated with an application layer session and a multi-modal service identifier (MMSID) that may be associated with the application layer session. The first network node may generate a policy and charging control (PCC) rule for a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) using the received information. The MMSID may be used to generate an association ID. The PCC rule may be sent to a second network node. The PCC rule may include the association ID.

Abstract: A first policy control function (PCF) in a first network node may receive an indication from a session management function (SMF) that a protocol data unit (PDU) session is an alternative PDU session, and an indication of whether the PDU session is in a drop state. The first PCF may send a message with an indication to a second PCF in a second network node to indicate that the network node is serving a PDU session that is an alternative PDU session. In an example, the message with an indication to the second PCF may also identify the PDU session. The first PCF may receive a message from the second PCF with an indication that a second PDU session has experienced a fault or degraded performance. Further, the first PCF may send a message to the SMF to change the PDU session to a no-drop state.

Abstract: A wireless transmit/receiver unit (WTRU) is configured with PC5 Signaling by a ProSe layer and for ranging and sidelink (SL) positioning. The WTRU is further configured to initiate a connection setup for SL positioning with a relay WTRU when the target WTRU is out of coverage. The WTRU locates potential relay WTRUs having a known location within a network. The WTRU connects to one relay WTRU via SL positioning and receives from the relay WTRU a deferred mobile terminated location request or a periodic location request for the target WTRU location information. The WTRU may further receive a location request from an Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) or a Location Management Function (LMF) in a network, wherein the AMF/LMF sends the location request to the target WTRU via the relay WTRU.

Abstract: A network device may receive a message that indicates an identifier of a wireless transmit/receive unit (WTRU) and/or one or more parameters associated with a power status of the WTRU. The network device may generate a power reporting policy, for example, based on the received message. The power reporting policy may include one or more triggers associated with sending a power status report. The network device may send the power reporting policy to the WTRU. The network device may receive the power status report from the WTRU in accordance with the power reporting policy. The power status report may include one or more battery characteristics associated with the WTRU. The network device may update one or more policy charging and control (PCC) rules based on the power status report.