Abstract: An electronic device may have a waveguide, an input coupler that couples light into the waveguide, and an optical coupler that couples the light out of the waveguide. A medium may be layered onto the waveguide. The input coupler may include a first surface relief grating (SRG) and the optical coupler may include a second SRG in the medium. The first SRG may be a non-binary staircase SRG having ridges with multiple steps. The second SRG may be a binary SRG having troughs that extend to the height of the lowest steps of the first SRG. A reflective layer may fill the first SRG. Forming the input coupler using a staircase SRG may serve to maximize the in-coupling efficiency of the input coupler, thereby maximizing the efficiency with which the light is provided to an eye box.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a display and an optical sensor formed underneath the display. The electronic device may include a locally modified region that overlaps the optical sensor. The locally modified region of the display may have a modification relative to a normal region of the display that does not overlap the optical sensor. The modification may mitigate diffractive artifacts that would otherwise impact the optical sensor that senses light passing through the display. To mitigate diffraction artifacts, the locally modified region of the display may use spatial randomization (e.g., spatial randomization of signal paths and/or spatial randomization of via locations), opaque structures may be formed with circular footprints, a black masking layer may be formed with circular openings, apodization may be used, and/or a phase randomization film may be included.

Abstract: An electronic device may include a display and an optical sensor formed underneath the display. The display may have both a full pixel density region and a pixel removal region with a plurality of high-transmittance areas that overlap the optical sensor. The display may include a black masking layer with a plurality of horizontal portions and a plurality of vertical portions that form a grid that defines a plurality of apertures. The black masking layer may additionally include patches in the apertures. The patches may be optimally positioned to mitigate diffraction artifacts in the sensor that operates through the pixel removal region. The patches may have unique sizes and shapes. The display may include first and second pixel removal regions with different black masking layer layouts. The layouts may cause complementary diffraction artifacts such that a single artifact-free image may be constructed using the first and second optical sensors.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a light source configured to illuminate a target and a camera configured to image light responsively emitted from the target and reflected from a spatial light modulator (SLM). The imaging system is configured to generate high-resolution, hyperspectral images of the target. The SLM includes a refractive layer that is chromatically dispersive and that has a refractive index that is controllable. The refractive index of the refractive layer can be controlled to vary according to a gradient such that light reflected from the SLM is chromatically dispersed and spectrographic information about the target can be captured using the camera. Such a system could be operated confocally, e.g., by incorporating a micromirror device configured to control a spatial pattern of illumination of the target and to modulate the transmission of light from the target to the camera via the SLM according to a corresponding spatial pattern.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a light source configured to illuminate a target and a camera configured to image light responsively emitted from the target and reflected from a spatial light modulator (SLM). The imaging system is configured to generate high-resolution, hyperspectral images of the target. The SLM includes a refractive layer that is chromatically dispersive and that has a refractive index that is controllable. The refractive index of the refractive layer can be controlled to vary according to a gradient such that light reflected from the SLM is chromatically dispersed and spectrographic information about the target can be captured using the camera. Such a system could be operated confocally, e.g., by incorporating a micromirror device configured to control a spatial pattern of illumination of the target and to modulate the transmission of light from the target to the camera via the SLM according to a corresponding spatial pattern.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a light source configured to illuminate a target and a camera configured to image light responsively emitted from the target and reflected from a spatial light modulator (SLM). The imaging system is configured to generate high-resolution, hyperspectral images of the target. The SLM includes a refractive layer that is chromatically dispersive and that has a refractive index that is controllable. The refractive index of the refractive layer can be controlled to vary according to a gradient such that light reflected from the SLM is chromatically dispersed and spectrographic information about the target can be captured using the camera. Such a system could be operated confocally, e.g., by incorporating a micromirror device configured to control a spatial pattern of illumination of the target and to modulate the transmission of light from the target to the camera via the SLM according to a corresponding spatial pattern.

Abstract: An imaging system includes a light source configured to illuminate a target and a camera configured to image light responsively emitted from the target and reflected from a spatial light modulator (SLM). The imaging system is configured to generate high-resolution, hyperspectral images of the target. The SLM includes a refractive layer that is chromatically dispersive and that has a refractive index that is controllable. The refractive index of the refractive layer can be controlled to vary according to a gradient such that light reflected from the SLM is chromatically dispersed and spectrographic information about the target can be captured using the camera. Such a system could be operated confocally, e.g., by incorporating a micromirror device configured to control a spatial pattern of illumination of the target and to modulate the transmission of light from the target to the camera via the SLM according to a corresponding spatial pattern.