Abstract: Disclosed are ultrasonically-produced nutritional powders and methods of manufacturing the nutritional powders, including ultrasonically-produced infant nutritional powders and ultrasonically-produced adult nutritional powders.

Abstract: A bubble cap (400) has a cap (430) with at least one slot (495) and a riser (420), configured with a skirt height (460) of at least 4 cm, such that 1.5*Skirt Height (cm)+[Slot Length (cm)?Exposed Slot Height (cm)] is greater than or equal to 7.5, and posed such that a liquid fluid and a gas flow co-currently upwardly in a space between the riser (420) and the cap (430).

Abstract: A bubble cap (100) has a riser (120) and a cap (130), separated by a divider (140) that extends to a length at least 50% of a distance measured between the top of the riser (122) and the bottom of the cap (134). In another aspect, the riser (120) and cap (130) cooperate to provide a skirt height (160) of no less than 1.5?. More preferred bubble caps (400) have a relatively high skirt height (460) or long slit length (497), or both. In yet another aspect, flow-redirecting vanes (610) and plates (630) cooperate to provide a rough distribution of fluids to subsequent distribution tray (650).

Abstract: A bubble cap has a riser and a cap, separated by a divider that extends to a length at least 50% of a distance measured between the top of the riser and the bottom of the cap. In another aspect, the riser and cap cooperate to provide a skirt height of no less than 1.5?. More preferred bubble caps have a relatively high skirt height or long slit length, or both. In yet another aspect, flow-redirecting vanes and plates (e.g., mixing chamber floor and splash deck) cooperate to provide a rough distribution of fluids to subsequent distribution tray(s).

Abstract: Disclosed is a method for the determination of homogenization efficiency based on a measurement of light transmittance through a homogenized liquid produc, wherein homogenization efficiency is determined by in-line measurement or by benchtop light transmittance analysis.

Abstract: A bubble cap has a cap with at least one, five, or seven slot(s), and a riser, configured with a skirt height of at least 4 cm such that 1.5*Skirt Height (cm)+[Slot Length (cm)−Exposed Slot Height (cm)] 7.5, 15, 22.5, or 30, and posed such that a liquid fluid and a gaseous fluid flow co-currently upwardly in a space between the riser and the cap. In another aspects, flow-redirecting vanes and plates (e.g., mixing chamber floor and splash deck) cooperate to provide a rough distribution of fluids to subsequent distribution tray(s).