Abstract: In order to separate oxygen-containing compounds contained in a hydrocarbon feed containing 1 to 100 carbon atoms and having any distribution of chemical categories, a process is carried out in which: said hydrocarbon feed is brought into contact with an extraction phase which contains at least one non-aqueous ionic liquid with general formula Q+A?, the proportion of ionic liquid in the extraction phase representing at least 25% by weight; the extraction effluent is separated into said extraction phase which contains at least one ionic liquid and at least all or a portion of the oxygen-containing compounds initially present in the hydrocarbon feed, and into the hydrocarbon feed which is depleted in oxygen-containing compounds.