Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the oxidation of a hydrocarbon to an acid by regulating the temperature hold-up time, and conversion in consecutive reaction zones. The temperature in the consecutive reaction zones progressively decreases, while the hold-up time increases. Preferably, the conversion also increases. One of the major advantages of the methods and devices of the present invention is that an outstanding balance between productivity and selectivity/yield of the desired acid may be achieved. In this respect high yields and selectivities may be obtained without sacrificing productivity.

Abstract: Methods for oxidizing a hydrocarbon to an intermediate oxidation product by utilizing an activated initiator. The initiator is activated by partially oxidizing a first mixture of the initiator and a hydrocarbon, which mixture contains a rather large amount of initiator. The first mixture may even be just initiator. The first mixture, after the partial oxidation, is mixed with a second mixture containing hydrocarbon and a smaller amount of initiator. The second mixture may even contain no initiator at all. The oxidation is continued to a desired degree. Preferably, at least one of the two mixtures, and even more preferably both reaction mixtures contain an oxidation catalyst and an acidic solvent.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods of removing acetic acid from cyclohexane in the direct oxidation of cyclohexane to adipic acid, especially after recycling catalyst which is precipitated by introduction of additional cyclohexane. The removal of acetic acid is preferably conducted by use of rather small amounts of wash-water in one to three stage extractors. A two stage reactor is preferable as being more efficient.

Abstract: This invention relates to methods and reactor devices for controlling the oxidation of hydrocarbons to dibasic acids, in the presence of a catalyst and a monobasic acid, by removing the catalyst from the reaction mixture, outside the oxidation zone, after the oxidation has taken place at least partially. Initially, the catalyst is partially precipitated and removed by reducing the water level in the reaction mixture and/or subjecting the reaction mixture to a temperature, at which or over which catalyst precipitates. After the initial partial precipitation of the catalyst, the mother liquor remaining is subjected to a thermal treatment during which at least the major part of the monobasic acid is removed leaving behind molten dibasic acids, in which the remaining catalyst precipitates substantially in its totality, and it is removed. The precipitated catalyst in the two precipitation stages may be recycled in miscellaneous ways.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the reaction rate of a hydrocarbon to an acid or other intermediate oxidation product by pressure drop rate adjustments. The pressure drop rate measurements arc conducted at predetermined time intervals, after stopping the feeding and exiting of gases. The pressure drop at a predetermined time interval is measured or the time it takes for the pressure to drop by a certain degree. Adjustments are then made in one or more temperature, feeding rates of hydrocarbon, solvent, catalyst, promoter, and the like until the pressure drop rate and the reaction rate fall within desirable predetermined limits.

Abstract: The described method of treatment relates to the field of cardiovascular disease and is a cure for various forms of heart fibrillation. The method consists of sectioning the heart into independent conduction zones such that electrical communication between the zones is terminated. The communication between the zones is then reestablished in such a manner as to restore normal heart rhythm, by way of a pacing mechanism, thereby eliminating the fibrillation.

Abstract: Methods for oxidizing a hydrocarbon to an intermediate oxidation product by utilizing an activated initiator. The initiator is activated by partially oxidizing a first mixture of the initiator and a hydrocarbon, which mixture contains a rather large amount of initiator. The first mixture may even be just initiator. The first mixture, after the partial oxidation, is mixed with a second mixture containing hydrocarbon and a smaller amount of initiator. The second mixture may even contain no initiator at all. The oxidation is continued to a desired degree. Preferably, at least one of the two mixtures, and even more preferably both reaction mixtures contain an oxidation catalyst and an acidic solvent.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the oxidation of a hydrocarbon to an acid by regulating the temperature, hold-up time, and conversion in consecutive reaction zones. The temperature in the consecutive reaction zones progressively decreases, while the hold-up time increases. Preferably, the conversion also increases. One of the major advantages of the methods and devices of the present invention is that an outstanding balance between productivity and selectivity/yield of the desired acid may be achieved. In this respect high yields and selectivities may be obtained without sacrificing productivity.

Abstract: Methods and devices for controlling the reaction rate of a hydrocarbon to an acid or other intermediate oxidation product by pressure drop rate adjustments. The pressure drop rate measurements are conducted at predetermined time intervals, after stopping the feeding and exiting of gases. The pressure drop at a predetermined time interval is measured or the time it takes for the pressure to drop by a certain degree. Adjustments are then made in one or more temperature, feeding rates of hydrocarbon, solvent, catalyst, promoter, and the like until the pressure drop rate and the reaction rate fall within desirable predetermined limits.