Abstract: A method of manufacturing a calendered cathode structure for a hybrid lithium metal cell includes depositing a first cathode coating layer without ionic liquid onto a cathode current collector, depositing a second cathode coating layer with ionic liquid onto the first coating layer, and depositing a third cathode coating layer without ionic liquid onto the second coating layer. A calendaring process is then performed on the cathode structure comprising the cathode current collector with the first, second, and third coating layers thereon such that a predetermined thickness and porosity for the cathode structure is achieved while at the same time the ionic liquid is spread throughout the cathode electrode without reaching the cathode current collector.

Abstract: A membraneless battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode; and one or more buffer interlayers disposed between the anolyte and the catholyte. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The one or more buffer interlayers regulate a pH in the battery. The anode electroactive material comprises a Zn electroactive material. At least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base; and/or at least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak base and its conjugate acid.

Abstract: A method of manufacturing a calendered cathode structure for a hybrid lithium metal cell includes depositing a first cathode coating layer without ionic liquid onto a cathode current collector, depositing a second cathode coating layer with ionic liquid onto the first coating layer, and depositing a third cathode coating layer without ionic liquid onto the second coating layer. A calendaring process is then performed on the cathode structure comprising the cathode current collector with the first, second, and third coating layers thereon such that a predetermined thickness and porosity for the cathode structure is achieved while at the same time the ionic liquid is spread throughout the cathode electrode without reaching the cathode current collector.

Abstract: A lithium cell for a lithium metal battery includes: an electrolyte material; a cathode structure arranged on one side of the electrolyte material, the cathode structure including a cathode electrode and a cathode current collector; and an anode structure arranged on an opposite side of the electrolyte material from the cathode structure. The anode structure includes: an anode current collector; a lithium metal anode arranged on a side of the anode current collector arranged facing the electrolyte material; and a protective coating deposited on a surface of the lithium metal anode and arranged facing the electrolyte material, wherein the protective coating extends beyond the lithium metal anode and onto the anode current collector so as to seal both a surface and edge regions of the lithium metal anode from contact with a liquid electrolyte of the electrolyte material.

Abstract: A lithium cell for a lithium metal battery includes an electrolyte material, a cathode structure arranged on one side of the electrolyte material, the cathode structure including a cathode electrode and a cathode current collector, and an anode structure arranged on an opposite side of the electrolyte material from the cathode structure. The anode structure includes an anode current collector, a lithium metal anode arranged on a side of the anode current collector arranged facing the electrolyte material, a nanoceramic protective coating deposited on a surface of the lithium metal anode arranged facing the electrolyte material. The nanoceramic protective coating includes a nanoceramic material, a base polymer material, a binder material including a UV curable polymer, and one or more lithium salts.

Abstract: An electrode-less and membrane-less battery includes: a cathode current collector; an anode current collector; a liquid or solid polymerized catholyte including dissolved active ions in contact with the cathode; a liquid or solid polymerized anolyte including dissolved active ions in contact with the anode; and a ceramic or solid polymerized buffer including active and working ions disposed between the catholyte and the anolyte.

Abstract: A high voltage metal-free battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material, wherein the cathode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material, wherein the anode electroactive material comprises at least one of an organic compound, an oxide, a hydroxide, an oxyhydroxide, a sulfide, and combinations thereof; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; and an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The battery comprises a separator, wherein the separator has ion-selective properties.

Abstract: A high voltage zinc (Zn)-anode battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material; an anode comprising a Zn electroactive material; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode; and a separator disposed between the anolyte and the catholyte. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The separator has ion-selective properties.

Abstract: A dual electrolyte battery comprises a cathode, an anode, a catholyte in contact with the cathode, and an anolyte in contact with the anode. The catholyte comprises a first gelled electrolyte solution, and the anolyte comprises a second gelled electrolyte solution. A concentration of an electrolyte in the anolyte is higher than a concentration of the electrolyte in the catholyte.

Abstract: A battery comprises an anode, a cathode, and a polymer electrolyte disposed between the anode and the cathode. The polymer electrolyte can include an inert hydrophilic polymer matrix impregnated with an aqueous electrolyte. The hydrophilic polymer matrix can include a polar vinyl monomer, an initiator, and a cross-linker. A gassing inhibitor can be included in the polymer electrolyte to help avoid issues with overcharging of the electrodes.

Abstract: A membraneless battery comprising a cathode comprising a cathode electroactive material; an anode comprising an anode electroactive material; a catholyte in contact with the cathode, wherein the catholyte is not in contact with the anode; an anolyte in contact with the anode, wherein the anolyte is not in contact with the cathode; and one or more buffer interlayers disposed between the anolyte and the catholyte. The catholyte has a pH of less than 4, and the anolyte has a pH of greater than 10. The one or more buffer interlayers regulate a pH in the battery. The anode electroactive material comprises a Zn electroactive material. At least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak acid and its conjugate base; and/or at least one of the one or more buffer interlayers comprises a weak base and its conjugate acid.