Abstract: An integrated semiconductor device having a thyristor includes outer npn-transistors, outer pnp-transistors, and an inner npn-transistor. The outer pnp-transistors and the inner npn-transistor are interconnected so as to form a thyristor to allow the inner transistor to be biased into conduction. Furthermore, a current flow takes place via the outer npn-transistors and the inner npn-transistor. The integrated semiconductor device having a thyristor minimizes interference produced in neighboring components.

Abstract: A fuel injection control circuit includes a monostable multivibrator for generating injection valve control pulses. The circuit includes a trigger sub-circuit which controls the switching characteristics of the monostable multivibrator in a well-defined manner which is immune to electrical noise and to voltage fluctuation in the supply lines of the vehicle.

Abstract: To permit entire integration of a control circuit to switch an inductive load, and protect the integrated control circuit against inductive voltage kicks, voltage surges, and reverse polarity, a series circuit including a diode, which may be constructed as a transistor in diode connection, and a voltage limiting element, typically a Zener diode, or a Zener diode controlled transistor, or four-layer diode are connected in parallel to the main switching path of the semiconductor element which controls current flow through the inductive load, thereby eliminating the necessity of the free wheeling and anti-conductive voltage kick diode which, in combination with the inherent substrate diodes of the inductive circuit, might lead to the damage, or destruction of the IC.

Abstract: A main semiconductor element is placed on a circuit chip; additionally, a compensating semiconductor element is placed thereon, the compensating semiconductor element being a diode, a substrate diode, a Schottky diode, a transistor with shortcircuited base emitter junction, open base transistor, or a resistor, the additional semiconductor element having one terminal connected to the main semiconductor and the other terminal either to the substrate or to a source of potential at least as large as the potential of the main element. The leakage current to be bypassed may affect the main element directly, particularly when the main element is operated in digital on-off mode, or indirectly by passing a compensating current which affects another element such as an operational amplifier, or provides directly for additional current compensating for leakage current of the main element.

Abstract: To permit connection of the input trigger stage to a wide variety of signal sources, such as different types of ignition systems (transistorized ignitions, coil-type ignitions, mechanical breaker system ignitions, and the like), a voltage divider is connected across the supply circuit, and the input signal is applied to a dual collector transistor forming the trigger or threshold stage, one collector of the transistor being connected to the output of the trigger stage and the other being connected to a protective circuit controlling bypassing of input signals of excessive voltage, or energy of either polarity and thus protecting the dual collector transistor.

Abstract: A plurality of luminescent elements, such as light-emitting diodes, incandescent lamps or the like, are located adjacent each other, each connected to the output of a difference amplifier. The respective inputs of the difference amplifier are connected, on the one hand, to a voltage divider to have different reference voltages applied thereto and, on the other, in common to the input voltage to be sampled so that, as the voltage changes between the amplification ranges of the difference amplifiers, the output therefrom will change in accordance with input voltage so that the brightness of the respectively connected luminescent elements will also change, thus providing gradual increase in brightness of any individual element as the voltage changes. The difference amplifiers may be differentially connected operational amplifiers.