Abstract: Methods of forming liquid hydrocarbons through thermal deoxygenation of cellulosic compounds are disclosed. Aspects cover methods including the steps of mixing a levulinic acid salt-containing feedstock with a formic acid salt, exposing the mixture to a high temperature condition to form hydrocarbon vapor, and condensing the hydrocarbon vapor to form liquid hydrocarbons, where both the formic acid salt and the levulinic acid salt-containing feedstock decompose at the high temperature condition and wherein one or more of the mixing, exposing, and condensing steps is carried out a pressure between about vacuum and about 10 bar.

Abstract: The present invention provides, among other thing, methods for creating significantly deoxygenated bio-oils form biomass including the steps of providing a feedstock, associating the feedstock with an alkali formate to form a treated feedstock, dewatering the treated feedstock, heating the dewatered treated feedstock to form a vapor product, and condensing the vapor product to form a pyrolysis oil, wherein the pyrolysis oil contains less than 30% oxygen by weight.

Abstract: The present invention provides, among other thing, methods for creating significantly deoxygenated bio-oils form biomass including the steps of providing a feedstock, associating the feedstock with an alkali formate to form a treated feedstock, dewatering the treated feedstock, heating the dewatered treated feedstock to form a vapor product, and condensing the vapor product to form a pyrolysis oil, wherein the pyrolysis oil contains less than 30% oxygen by weight.

Abstract: Methods of forming liquid hydrocarbons through thermal deoxygenation of cellulosic compounds are disclosed. Aspects cover methods including the steps of mixing a levulinic acid salt-containing feedstock with a formic acid salt, exposing the mixture to a high temperature condition to form hydrocarbon vapor, and condensing the hydrocarbon vapor to form liquid hydrocarbons, where both the formic acid salt and the levulinic acid salt-containing feedstock decompose at the high temperature condition and wherein one or more of the mixing, exposing, and condensing steps is carried out a pressure between about vacuum and about 10 bar. Other methods and parameters for generating energy dense liquid hydrocarbons are also disclosed and claimed.

Abstract: A single stage method delignification process for pulps, preferably sulphite pulps. The improvement to conventional oxygen delignification process comprises in situ addition of a reducing agent substantially non-reactive with oxygen. The end result is a pulp having enhanced strength properties and higher viscosity. Sodium borohydride is the preferred reducing agent, and MgO is the preferred alkali source. Similar results can be obtained with a two-stage oxygen delignification wherein the pulp is treated with the reducing agent in the first stage, and then washed and pressed conventionnally before proceeding with the oxygen delignification in a second stage.

Abstract: The disclosure relates to a process for the removal of solid CaS from a gas stream in which the CaS has been formed and then the conversion of that solid CaS by reaction with an aqueous NaOH solution to produce solid Ca(OH).sub.2 and a liquor stream containing dissolved NaHS. This removal and conversion process is described as being used in conjunction with a process for gasifying black liquor from a kraft pulping process in which H.sub.2 S is scrubbed from the gases using calcium compounds to form the CaS.

Abstract: A method of bleaching a chemical pulp with a gaseous bleaching agent by uniformly impregnating the pulp with a solvent for lignin and that is fully miscible with water but does not significantly swell cellulose so that the availability, of lignin to the bleaching agent is significantly improved, then subjecting the impregnated pulp to the action of the bleaching agent to preferentially attack the lignin for its subsequent solubilization and separation from the pulp.

Abstract: A kraft black liquor recovery system utilizing three separate reactors for liquor pyrolysis, sulfate reduction and carbon plus organics combustion, respectively. Oxidized black liquor is pyrolyzed in a fluid bed reactor. The temperature in the fluid bed reactor is 600.degree. C. or lower. The resulting char, containing Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 and Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 and a significant amount of carbon, is separated from the pyrolysis gases and introduced in an indirect heated reactor where reduction of Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4 to Na.sub.2 S takes place in the solid state under an atmosphere generated by the reduction. The reduced char is cooled and leached to produce green liquor. The leached char and gases from the pyrolysis and reduction reactors are burned in a fluid bed combustion unit operating below the melting point of mixtures of Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 and Na.sub.2 SO.sub.4. The fluid bed particles, consisting mainly of Na.sub.2 CO.sub.3 and Na.sub.2 SO.sub.