Abstract: A method and system of an embodiment may include identifying a power source used by a network element, determining a carbon footprint of a unit of power usage from the power source, identifying one or more components associated with the network element used for a network operation performed by the network element, determining the power usage of the one or more identified components during the process, and calculating the carbon footprint of the process performed by the network element.

Abstract: A method including receiving network graph information of a network, wherein the network graph information includes shared risk link group (SRLG) information; determining a maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow value of the network based on the network graph information; selecting a value for a number of trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths to find between a source node and a destination node based on the maximum link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow value; selecting a minimum remaining link-and-SRLG-disjoint flow value based on the value for the number of trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint paths; and selecting a trap-free shortest link-and-SRLG-disjoint path in which a complementary part of the network supports at least the minimum remaining link-and-SRLG-disjoint-flow value.

Abstract: A method including receiving information corresponding to a network graph of a network; determining a maximum flow value of the network based on the network graph; selecting a value for a number of trap-free shortest link-disjoint paths to find between a source node and a destination node based on the maximum flow value; selecting a value for a minimum remaining flow value based on the value for the number of trap-free shortest link-disjoint paths; and selecting a trap-free shortest link-disjoint path in which a complementary part of the network supports at least the remaining minimum flow value.

Abstract: A method may include obtaining a source file at a node in peer-to-peer network and dividing the source file into a plurality of pieces. The pieces of the source file may be encoded using network coding principles. A last-modified-date (LMD) value may be appended to each of the encoded pieces, the LMD value being the same for each of the encoded pieces of the source file. The encoded pieces with the LMD values may be sent to one or more other nodes in the peer-to-peer network.

Abstract: A method may include obtaining a source file at a node in peer-to-peer network and dividing the source file into a plurality of pieces. The pieces of the source file may be encoded using network coding principles. A last-modified-date (LMD) value may be appended to each of the encoded pieces, the LMD value being the same for each of the encoded pieces of the source file. The encoded pieces with the LMD values may be sent to one or more other nodes in the peer-to-peer network.

Abstract: A system and method of using a multi-layered network model for analyzing the survivability of network services. The model is defined in terms of layers, connections, entities, physical processing elements, physical network elements, and physical infrastructure elements. Network services are modeled by sets of communicating entities at the application layer that are connected by connections at the underlying layers. The generality of the model constructs enable the construction of models of complex networks and services that can involve multiple layers of communication protocols, network elements, processing elements, and failover/backup mechanisms. The service survivability of a network is analyzed by projecting the failure of a set of physical elements onto the model and then determining the proportion of service affected at the application layer.

Abstract: A system may include a processing device and a routing application included on the processing device. The routing application may be configured to receive a destination location for a vehicle; determine a fuel efficiency of the vehicle; and determine a route for the vehicle from a current location to the destination location, the route being based on the fuel efficiency of the vehicle, a fuel capacity of the vehicle, an amount of fuel remaining for the vehicle, and navigation information including the location of at least one charging station.

Abstract: A method and system of an embodiment may include identifying a power source used by a network element, determining a carbon footprint of a unit of power usage from the power source, identifying one or more components associated with the network element used for a network operation performed by the network element, determining the power usage of the one or more identified components during the process, and calculating the carbon footprint of the process performed by the network element.

Abstract: A method and system of an embodiment may include identifying a power source used by a network element, determining a carbon footprint of a unit of power usage from the power source, identifying one or more components associated with the network element used for a network operation performed by the network element, determining the power usage of the one or more identified components during the process, and calculating the carbon footprint of the process performed by the network element.

Abstract: A computer-implemented method may include receiving transition information indicative of transition rates associated with a plurality of communication links in a network, wherein the network includes a plurality of nodes, the plurality of communication links, and a communication path between a first node and a second node of the plurality of nodes. In one embodiment, the communication path uses at least two of the plurality of communication links. The method may include generating biased transition information indicative of biased transition rates, wherein the biased transition rates are greater or less than the indicated transition rates and simulating the network, based on the biased transition information, until a transition associated with one of the communication links causes the communication path to transition to a different state. A network reliability parameter may be determined based on the simulation of the network.

Abstract: A selective packet discard mechanism is disclosed for selectively discarding packets at buffers in packet switches in the event of traffic congestion. The mechanism makes use of ordering information contained in data packets, such as forward sequence numbers or timestamps, to estimate the packet loss that traffic flows may have already incurred at upstream packet-switching nodes. This estimated upstream packet loss information is used to make improved packet discard decisions. The mechanism may be applied independently to a plurality of buffers at a plurality of packet switches to form a distributed data traffic management system.

Abstract: A method may include obtaining a source file at a node in peer-to-peer network and dividing the source file into a plurality of pieces. The pieces of the source file may be encoded using network coding principles. A last-modified-date (LMD) value may be appended to each of the encoded pieces, the LMD value being the same for each of the encoded pieces of the source file. The encoded pieces with the LMD values may be sent to one or more other nodes in the peer-to-peer network.

Abstract: A method and system of an embodiment may include identifying a power source used by a network element, determining a carbon footprint of a unit of power usage from the power source, identifying one or more components associated with the network element used for a network operation performed by the network element, determining the power usage of the one or more identified components during the process, and calculating the carbon footprint of the process performed by the network element.

Abstract: A system and method of using a multi-layered network model for analyzing the survivability of network services. The model is defined in terms of layers, connections, entities, physical processing elements, physical network elements, and physical infrastructure elements. Network services are modeled by sets of communicating entities at the application layer that are connected by connections at the underlying layers. The generality of the model constructs enable the construction of models of complex networks and services that can involve multiple layers of communication protocols, network elements, processing elements, and failover/backup mechanisms. The service survivability of a network is analyzed by projecting the failure of a set of physical elements onto the model and then determining the proportion of service affected at the application layer.

Abstract: A charging factor is determined applicable to each time interval in a period of time during which at least one data transfer was conducted. An amount of data transferred during each time interval is determined. A total charge applicable to the at least one data transfer is computed based at least in part on the charging factor applicable to each time interval and the amount of data transferred. Alternatively or additionally, a plurality of potential start times and an amount of data for a data transfer are identified. A set of time intervals associated with each of the potential start times are determined. For each of the potential start times, an estimated charge applicable to the data transfer is computed based at least in part on a charging factor applicable to each of one or more time intervals associated with the potential start time and the amount of data estimated to be transferred.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a portion of a received media stream is copied from a data network without interfering with the flow of the data in the network. A known test signal is then substituted for the information contained in the copied portion of the media stream to prepare a pseudo-media stream. The known test signal is encoded, and packetized if necessary, using the same methods used for the received media stream. A pseudo-media signal is then recovered from the pseudo-media stream using the same depacketizing and decoding methods to be used on the received media stream. The recovered signal is an accurate representation of the state of the received media stream since it has gone through the same packetization/depacketization and encoding/decoding procedures, and it includes all of the same faults of the copied media stream. The perceptual quality of the recovered signal is then measured, providing an accurate measure of the perceptual quality of the copied media stream.

Abstract: In accordance with the present invention, a portion of a received media stream is copied from a data network without interfering with the flow of the data in the network. A known test signal is then substituted for the information contained in the copied portion of the media stream to prepare a pseudo-media stream. The known test signal is encoded, and packetized if necessary, using the same methods used for the received media stream. A pseudo-media signal is then recovered from the pseudo-media stream using the same depacketizing and decoding methods to be used on the received media stream. The recovered signal is an accurate representation of the state of the received media stream since it has gone through the same packetization/depacketization and encoding/decoding procedures, and it includes all of the same faults of the copied media stream. The perceptual quality of the recovered signal is then measured, providing an accurate measure of the perceptual quality of the copied media stream.

Abstract: A real-time process estimates the source-destination traffic matrix in a packet-switched communications network. The inputs for the process are a set of aggregate link traffic measurements and a set of source node traffic measurements. The process uses a novel and computationally efficient decomposition method to estimate the traffic matrix. The process also makes uses of Linear Programming (LP) methods to estimate the source-destination traffic matrix.