Abstract: Fluoroionophores of formula (I) wherein R06 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C20alkyl, R6 is H or substituted or unsubstituted C1-C30alkyl or C1-C30alkoxy, R1 is a bridging group, and F is a residue of a fluorophore. The fluoroionophores may be covalently bound to support materials and may be used as active components in polymer membranes of optical sensors for the detection of ions. The sensors are distinguished by short response times, a high degree of sensitivity and a long usable life.

Abstract: Therapeutic oligonucleotide analogs which have improved nuclease resistance and improved cellular uptake are provided. Replacement of phosphorodiester inter-sugar linkages found in wild type oligomers with four atom linking groups forms unique di- and poly-nucleosides and nucleotides useful in regulating RNA expression and in therapeutics. Methods of synthesis and use are also disclosed.

Abstract: Fluoroionophores that are functionalised with reactive groups and correspond to the formula I—R1—F—R2—G, wherein I is a monovalen residue of an ionophore, wherein F is a divalent residue of a fluorophore, wherein G is a functional group and R1 and R2 are each independently of the other a direct bond or a bridging group. The fluoroionophores may be covalently bound to carrier materials and are used as active components in polymer membranes of optical sensors for the detection of ions. The sensors are distinguished by a long usable life and a high degree of sensitivity.

Abstract: A sensor for the optical determination by fluorescence of carbon dioxide in liquid and gaseous media, which consist essentially of a carrier and a light-sensitive layer applied thereto. In addition to a polymer as a base substance and an anionic fluorescence dye, the light-sensitive layer also contains a quaternary onium phenolate.

Abstract: A water-insoluble copolymer which is composed of (a) from 39.9 to 60% by weight of N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide; (b) from 60 to 39.9% by weight of N-alkylated acryl amides or N-alkylated methacryl amides; (c) from 0.1 to 0.7% by weight of a proton-sensitive fluorophore which is covalently bonded to the copolymer; and (d) from 0 to 20% by weight of a diolefinic crosslinking component. The copolymer is used in the form of a membrane on a transparent support material as an optical sensor for ionic strength-independent pH value determination.

Abstract: Compounds, constructed in modular manner, of formula (I), wherein I is the monovalent residue of an ionophore, F is the monovalent residue of a fluorophore, G is a functional group, T is a trivalent organic radical and R01, R02 and R03 are each independently of the others a direct bond or a bridging group. The compounds may be used in immobilized form as active components in polymer membranes of optical sensors for the detection of ions. The sensors are distinguished by a long usable life and a high degree of sensitivity.

Abstract: The invention relates to a polymer composition comprising pH-sensitive fluorescent dyes, to an ionic strength-independent optical sensor for pH value determination that contains the composition in the form of a membrane on a transparent support material, and to an optical process, according to the fluorescence method, that renders possible highly accurate pH value determination independently of the ionic strength of the test solution. The process is especially suitable for the determination of the pH value of physiological solutions, especially for the determination of the pH value of blood.

Abstract: A water-insoluble copolymer which is composed of (a) from 39.9 to 60% by weight of N,N-dimethylacrylamide or N,N-dimethylmethacrylamide; (b) from 60 to 39.9% by weight of N-alkylated acryl amides or N-alkylated methacryl amides; (c) from 0.1 to 0.7% by weight of a proton-sensitive fluorophore which is covalently bonded to the copolymer; and (d) from 0 to 20% by weight of a diolefinic crosslinking component. The copolymer is used in the form of a membrane on a transparent support material as an optical sensor for ionic strength-independent pH value determination.

Abstract: Sensors for the qualitative and quantitative determination of K+ ions in aqueous systems are described, which consist essentially of a carrier and an active layer applied to this carrier, whereby the active layer contains a polymer in which is dispersed at least one modified valinomycin, in which a radical of a fluorescence dye which emits in long waves, preferably an acridine or fluorescein, with an emission wave length of >550, is covalently bound.

Abstract: Compounds of formula (I) wherein Me is Pd(II) or Pt(II); R is H or C1-C18 alkyl, or is C3-C8 cycloalkyl, phenyl, pyridyl or phenyl-C1-C4 alkylene, each of which is unsubstituted or substituted by C1-C18 alkyl, C1-C18 alkoxy, R3—O—C(O)—, halogen, —CN or by —NO2; R1 and R2 are each independently of the other H, C1-C12 alkyl or C1-C12 alkoxy or R1 and R2 together are —OCH2O—, —OCH2CH2O—, or —CH═CH—CH═CH—, and R3 is C1-C18 alkyl, C3-C18 cycloalkyl, phenyl, benzyl, C1-C12 alkylphenyl or C1-C12 alkylbenzyl. Compounds of formula (I) are valuable luminophores and/or intermediates for the preparation of palladium (II) or platinum (II) benzoporphyrins, which are likewise luminophores.

Abstract: A new class of chemiluminescent acridinium or benzacridinium compounds is disclosed by virtue of forming an intramolecular energy transfer conjugate (ETC) between the acridinium or benzacridinium compound and a luminophore. A method of extending the emission wavelengths of acridinium or benzacridinium esters in order to further reduce or eliminate the emission spectral overlap between the parent polysubstituted aryl Acridinium Esters (DMAE) and Benzacridinium Esters (LEAE) is disclosed. The ETC's retain the unique desired properties of acridinium or benzacridinium compounds including complete light emission in very short period of time, monophasic emission spectrum, simplicity of triggering mechanism, ability of labeling the biological molecules of interest to form a tracer, and good stability. Additionally, the range of the emission spectrum of an acridinium or benzacridinium compound can now be shifted at will and at longer leap through the choice of a luminophore as the integral part of an ETC molecule.

Abstract: Oligonucleotides of the formula: 5'(U).sub.n -3' in which U is an identical or different radical of a natural or a synthetic nucleoside and n is a number from 2 to 200 comprising at least one structural unit of two consecutive nucleosides wherein one of the nucleotides is substituted in the 2'-position or wherein the nucleotides are substituted differently in their 2'-position and wherein the backbone is modified.

Abstract: Oligonucleotide analogs are provided wherein phosphodiester inter-sugar linkages are replaced with four atom linking groups. Such linking groups include NR--C(O)--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2, NR--C(S)--CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 --NR--C(O)--CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 --NR--C(S)--CH.sub.2, CH.sub.2 --CH.sub.2 --NR--C(O)--R--CH.sub.2, and CH.sub.2 --C(S)--NR--CH.sub.2. Methods for preparing and using these oligonucleotide analogs are also provided.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I ##STR1## in which R is H, or an aliphatic or aromatic radical, R.sup.1 is alkyl, R.sup.2 is alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, alkaryl, aralkyloxy, alkaryloxy, alkaralkyl or alkaralkyloxy, and one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is H and the other has the meaning given above. These compounds are intermediates for the preparation of herbicidal sulfonylureas.

Abstract: The process of the invention relates to the reaction of hydrazones of formula II ##STR1## with .alpha.-chloro- or .alpha.-bromoarylonitrile or .alpha.-chloro- or .alpha.-bromoacrylates of formula III ##STR2## to 1-amino-2-cyano-1,4-dihydropyridines or 1-amino-1,4-dihydropyridine-2-carboxylic acid esters of formula IV ##STR3## which are converted into pyridine derivatives of formula I ##STR4## by treatment with an acid, with removal of R.sub.4 R.sub.5 NH. Y is --CN or --COOR.sub.3 and R.sub.1 to R.sub.5 may be alkyl.

Abstract: Compounds of formula I ##STR1## in which R is H, or an aliphatic or aromatic radical, R.sup.1 is alkyl, R.sup.2 is alkyl, alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, aralkyl, alkaryl, aralkyloxy, alkaryloxy, alkaralkyl or alkaralkyloxy, and one of R.sup.1 and R.sup.2 is H and the other has the meaning given above. These compounds are intermediates for the preparation of herbicidal sulfonylureas.

Abstract: A process for producing pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula ##STR1## is described. The process is based on the cleavage of HNR.sub.10 R.sub.11 from 1-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula II ##STR2## to give 1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula III ##STR3## and subsequent oxidation of these compounds to obtain pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula I. According to one variant of the process, the 1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula III are obtained directly, without isolation of the intermediately formed 1-amino-1,2,3,4-tetrahydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula II, by reaction of .alpha.,.beta.-unsaturated hydrazones of the formula IV ##STR4## with ethene-1,2-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula V ##STR5## and subsequently oxidized to pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of the formula I. In the above formulae, R.sub.1, R.

Abstract: The invention relates to a process for the preparation of pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of formula ##STR1## which process comprises reacting a hydrazone of formula II ##STR2## with a maleic acid derivative of formula III ##STR3## to give a 1-amino-1,4-dihydropyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivative of formula IV ##STR4## and subsequently removing R.sub.9 R.sub.10 NH. In the above formulae, R.sub.1, R.sub.2, R.sub.3, R.sub.4, R.sub.9, R.sub.10 and X are as defined in claim 1. The pyridine-2,3-dicarboxylic acid derivatives of formula I are intermediates for the preparation of herbicidal compounds.