Abstract: A distributed file system operating over a plurality of hosts is built on top of a tree structure having a root node, internal nodes, and leaf nodes. Each host maintains at least one node and non-leaf nodes are allocated buffers according to a workload of the distributed file system. A write operation is performed by inserting write data into one of the nodes of the tree structure having a buffer. A read operation is performed by traversing the tree structure down to a leaf node that stores read target data, collecting updates to the read target data, which are stored in buffers of the traversed nodes, applying the updates to the read target data, and returning the updated read target data as read data.

Abstract: Examples described herein include systems and methods for providing a framework for building and verifying cluster-management controllers. Using this framework, a developer can submit only a fraction of the code otherwise required to verify safety and liveness of a controller. A verification framework is provided that can verify the implementation of a cluster-management controller down to the manner it will execute. The developer can submit a small function that runs inside the provided framework, making formal verification possible. The framework provided to the developer can incorporate the complex details regarding standard portions of cluster-management controllers, the underlying platform (such as KUBERNETES, as an example), platform API, platform networking, and so on. The developer's code can therefore focus on the new features but still make use of formal verification for how that code will work within an entire cluster-management system.