Abstract: The present invention includes a method of predicting and/or treating a recurrence of MS treating a patient with multiple sclerosis, the method comprising: obtaining a hematopoietic cell sample from a patient suspected of having a recurrence of multiple sclerosis (MS), wherein the patient was in relapse for MS; determining the number of CD19+, CD24+, CD38+ transitional B cells in the hematopoietic cell sample, and a level of expression of neurofilament light (NFL) and interleukin-1? (IL-1?), which is predictive of a recurrence of MS; and treating the MS patient with recurrence until there is an increase in CD19+, CD24+, CD38+ transitional B cells and/or a decrease in a level of expression of NFL and interleukin-1? (IL-1?) when compared to an untreated MS control sample, an unresponsive MS control sample, or an MS patient with long-term stable disease sample.