Abstract: A non-lethal anti-personnel land mine comprising a sealed container having a first chemical reactant contained therein, and a second container having a second chemical reactant contained therein, the container being positioned within the mine to assure that a stepping action on the mine will result in the opening of the container and the release of the contents thereof into contact with the second chemical reactant, whereby the contact results in a fast chemical reaction non-lethal to the person stepping on the mine.

Abstract: A non-lethal anti-personnel land mine comprising a sealed container having a first chemical reactant contained therein, and a second container having a second chemical reactant contained therein, the container being positioned within the mine to assure that a steeping action on the mine will result in the opening of the container and the release of the contents thereof into contact with the second chemical reactant, whereby the contact results in a fast chemical reaction non-lethal to the person stepping on the mine.

Abstract: There is disclosed a fiber optic probe for infrared (IR) spectroscopy of a kind which serves both for illuminating a fluid or solid sample and for collecting the light reflected therefrom for spectral analysis. The probe has a tubular sheath with an inner, infrared radiation reflecting surface, holding light input and output optical fibers. The sheath has a sampling tip and the optical fibers stop short of the edge, forming with the sampling tip a sampling cavity.

Abstract: A probe for use in attentuated total reflectance measurements in spectroscopy, such as Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, is formed of an optical waveguide element having input and output sections and a loop between the two sections. The loop has a small radius of curvature and is exposed so that it can be contacted with a sample to obtain attenuated total reflectance measurements. The input and output sections may be retained in the bore of a thin walled tube with the loop forming a tip which extends from one end of the tube. The input and output sections of the optical waveguide element may be connected by couplers to a spectrometer to receive the output beam from and provide a return beam to the spectrometer. The tightly curved surfaces of the optical waveguide element at the loop result in multiple internal reflections as the beam of radiation traverses the loop.

Abstract: A non-linear optics device (NLOD) of the kind in which an incoming pumping beam having an intensity below a certain threshold is transmitted through the device, whereas a beam having an intensity above the threshold induces a Stimulated Brillouin Scatter (SBS) process giving rise to the reflection back of the beam in an opposite direction. The device includes one or more optical fibers having each a cladding and a core consisting of a non-linear substance which, as a rule, is composed of two longitudinal sections integral with one another, one having a uniform diameter and the other being tapered. The core surface is diverged towards one end of the fiber. Each optical fiber is so oriented that the end of the tapering section faces the incoming pumping beam. Accordingly, when an oncoming pumping beam is incident on the surface of the tapering core portion at an angle below a certain critical angle, it is transmitted to the uniform core section.

Abstract: A system for performing IR spectroscopy, including a light source for transmitting a beam of light through a sample on to a detector, including a pair of first conical non-imaging concentrators tapered towards each other and disposed between the light source and the sample, so as to render the beam of light substantially uniform with respect to the sample regardless of their mutual spatial disposition.

Abstract: Method of ATR spectroscopy and substrate probe for use therein. The probe mprises a single optical fiber sensor, or a bundle of such sensors, with the sensing zone of each sensor comprising two unclad frustoconical portions merging at their frustrums.

Abstract: An IR sensing system wherein the focal area is located outside the casing at holds a detector array and a bundle of optical fibres leads from the focal area to the detector array in the array such that the inner, emitting end of each fibre of the bundle is in proximate relationship with only one single detector.

Abstract: Optical glass elements with graded refraction index in the infra red region. The elements are made of doped oxygen free chalcogenide glass. The concentration of the dopant decreases from the periphery inward. Typical examples of dopants are As, S and Se.The glass elements are prepared by exposing an oxygen free chalcogenide glass to a molten chemical element or salt at about 150.degree.-400.degree. C. in an oxygen free atmosphere.