Abstract: At least one example embodiment provides for a frequency divider system including a delay unit configured to receive a first input clock signal having a first input clock frequency and a requirement and output a modified clock signal, and a frequency divider configured to receive the modified clock signal and output an output clock signal having an output clock frequency. The output clock frequency is an odd or even integer division of the first input clock frequency based on the requirement such as an input control word.

Abstract: At least one example embodiment provides for a frequency divider system including a delay unit configured to receive a first input clock signal having a first input clock frequency and a requirement and output a modified clock signal, and a frequency divider configured to receive the modified clock signal and output an output clock signal having an output clock frequency. The output clock frequency is an odd or even integer division of the first input clock frequency based on the requirement such as an input control word.

Abstract: Apparatus, systems, methods, and articles may operate to estimate an amount of jitter associated with a clock at an output of a digital phase-locked loop (DPLL), wherein the DPLL includes a phase frequency detector (PFD). The estimate may be made by sensing periods of timing coincidence between an up signal on a first output of the PFD and a down signal on a second output of the PFD. A pulse coincidence detector coupled to the PFD and a jitter estimation module coupled to the pulse coincidence detector may perform the estimate.

Abstract: A laser device includes a substrate and a multi-layer semiconductor structure formed on the substrate. The structure includes one or more active layers, which are adapted to amplify optical radiation at a plurality of different wavelengths, and at least two reflective regions, arranged to define at least one micro-cavity resonator containing the active layers and having an optical axis substantially perpendicular to the substrate. An electrode is coupled to apply an electrical current to the multi-layer semiconductor structure, causing the structure to emit laser radiation along the optical axis at the plurality of different wavelengths.