Abstract: Various techniques facilitate the development of an image library that can be used to train and/or validate an automated visual inspection (AVI) model, such an AVI neural network for image classification. In one aspect, an arithmetic transposition algorithm is used to generate synthetic images from original images by transposing features (e.g., defects) onto the original images, with pixel-level realism. In other aspects, digital inpainting techniques are used to generate realistic synthetic images from original images. Deep learning-based inpainting techniques may be used to add, remove, and/or modify defects or other depicted features. In still other aspects, quality control techniques are used to assess the suitability of image libraries for training and/or validation of AVI models, and/or to assess whether individual images are suitable for inclusion in such libraries.

Abstract: Conventional optical lithography uses masks with static patterns that are expensive and labor intensive to produce. The present disclosure is directed to a programmable optical lithography mask with an array of cells that use a hydrogen-mediated mechanism to tune their optical properties (e.g., transmission, absorption, refractive index, and/or reflectivity) dynamically and reversibly. Each cell in the programmable mask may be individually addressable to produce a large variety of patterns. The programmable mask may be configured for ultra-fine spatial resolution or coarse spatial resolution, facilitating a wide range of applications. The programmable mask may be stable against short wavelength light, such as broadband ultraviolet (UV) light, and can thus act as a light valve for short wavelength light.

Abstract: Conventional optical lithography uses masks with static patterns that are expensive and labor intensive to produce. The present disclosure is directed to a programmable optical lithography mask with an array of cells that use a hydrogen-mediated mechanism to tune their optical properties (e.g., transmission, absorption, refractive index, and/or reflectivity) dynamically and reversibly. Each cell in the programmable mask may be individually addressable to produce a large variety of patterns. The programmable mask may be configured for ultra-fine spatial resolution or coarse spatial resolution, facilitating a wide range of applications. The programmable mask may be stable against short wavelength light, such as broadband ultraviolet (UV) light, and can thus act as a light valve for short wavelength light.

Abstract: A spintronic device controls both the electrical charge and the spin of electrons to transmit, process, and store information. The control of electron spin provides additional degrees of freedom to modify the electric and magnetic properties of materials such as magnetic anisotropy. However, the development and integration of spintronic devices has been limited, in part, by the lack of a robust approach to electrically gate magnetism. Conventional approaches to gating magnetism either exhibit impractically small changes to the properties of a magnet or limited operating lifetime due to material degradation. Here, a magneto-ionic device operates using a hydrogen-gated magneto-ionic mechanism to overcome these shortcomings. A gate voltage applied to the magneto-ionic device causes protons to move towards a magnetic layer where the protons reduce to hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen and protons leads to large changes in the magnetic layer without degradation. This voltage-induced process is reversible.

Abstract: A solid oxide battery includes a solid electrolyte disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are coupled to an external source or load to charge or discharge the solid oxide battery. The solid electrolyte is formed from a proton conducting material to transport and store hydrogen, which is the source of chemical energy. The second electrode is formed from a noble metal configured to induce formation of oxygen vacancies at the interface between the second electrode and the solid electrolyte. The oxygen vacancies are used to split water molecules during charging of the solid oxide battery, which results in the generation of hydrogen. Under bias, the hydrogen ions are transported into the solid electrolyte and stored. During discharge, a reverse process occurs where hydrogen is used to generate water and electricity.

Abstract: A spintronic device controls both the electrical charge and the spin of electrons to transmit, process, and store information. The control of electron spin provides additional degrees of freedom to modify the electric and magnetic properties of materials such as magnetic anisotropy. However, the development and integration of spintronic devices has been limited, in part, by the lack of a robust approach to electrically gate magnetism. Conventional approaches to gating magnetism either exhibit impractically small changes to the properties of a magnet or limited operating lifetime due to material degradation. Here, a magneto-ionic device operates using a hydrogen-gated magneto-ionic mechanism to overcome these shortcomings. A gate voltage applied to the magneto-ionic device causes protons to move towards a magnetic layer where the protons reduce to hydrogen. The presence of hydrogen and protons leads to large changes in the magnetic layer without degradation. This voltage-induced process is reversible.

Abstract: A solid oxide battery includes a solid electrolyte disposed between a first electrode and a second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are coupled to an external source or load to charge or discharge the solid oxide battery. The solid electrolyte is formed from a proton conducting material to transport and store hydrogen, which is the source of chemical energy. The second electrode is formed from a noble metal configured to induce formation of oxygen vacancies at the interface between the second electrode and the solid electrolyte. The oxygen vacancies are used to split water molecules during charging of the solid oxide battery, which results in the generation of hydrogen. Under bias, the hydrogen ions are transported into the solid electrolyte and stored. During discharge, a reverse process occurs where hydrogen is used to generate water and electricity.